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Block 4 Module 2 > developmental anatomy of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

developmental anatomy of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

the skeletal system develops from _______
and _________ mesoderm and
from _________

A

paraxial and lateral plate (parietal layer) mesoderm and neural crest

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2
Q

The neurocranium is composed of

A
  1. membranous part

2. cartilaginous part (Chondrocranium)

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3
Q

how is the membranous part fromed

A

from neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm and by intramembranous ossificaiton

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4
Q

Characteristics of the membranous part of the neurocranium

A

presence of needle like bone spicules

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5
Q

Chondrocranium that is derived from the neural crest

A

Prechordal Chondrocranium

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6
Q

The Prechordal Chondrocranium lie in front of the _________which ends __________ in the center of the _____

A

rostral limit of notochord; at the level of the pituitary gland ; sella turcica

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7
Q

the chordal chondrocranium is derived from _______ formed by ________

A

occipital sclerotomes; paraxial mesoderm

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8
Q

Bones of the face

A

Viscerocranium

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9
Q

The viscerocranium is formed from ______

A

1st & 2nd pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

mesenchym for the formation of viscercranium is derived from ______

A

neural crest cells

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11
Q

smaller maxillary process extends forward beneath the region of the eye and gives rise to the maxilla

A

first arch

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12
Q

The first arch gives rise to

A

maxilla
zygomatic bone
part of the temporal bone

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13
Q

larger mandubular process containing Meckel’s cartilage

A

second arch

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14
Q

The meckel’s cartilage gives rise to the

A

incus, malleus and stapes

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15
Q

narrow seams of connective tissue which separates flat bones of the skull at birth

A

Sutures

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16
Q

Sutures are derived from

A

neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm

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17
Q

At points where more than two bones meet

A

Fontanelles

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18
Q

the anterior fontanelle closes by

A

18 months of age

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19
Q

the posterior fontanelle closes by

A

1-2 months of age

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20
Q

segmantation from the cervical area to the sacrum

A

Somite

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21
Q

at the first stage of somite development what happens to the mesoderm cells?

A

It becomes epithelial and are arranged around a small lumen

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22
Q

After the cells in the ventral and medial walls of the somite lose their epithelial characteristics, what happens next?

A

it migrates arond the neural tube and notochord and some move int the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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23
Q

cells at the DML and VLL regions of the somite form

A

Muscle cell precursors

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24
Q

somitic cells and lateral plate mesoderm cells constitute the _____

A

abaxial mesodermal domain

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25
the primaxial mesodermal contains only_______
somitic cells
26
dermatome cells and the muscle cells that associate wht the prrimaxial mesoderm forms the
dermomyotome
27
myotome cells contribute to
primaxial muscles
28
dermatome cells form the ______
dermis of the back
29
The skeletal muscle is derived from _________
paraxial mesoderm
30
The skeletal muscle forms somites from_____ to the ____regions and _____in the head
occipital; sacral; somitomeres
31
_____ are from sclerotome cells lying adjacent to myotomes at the anterior and posterior border of somites
Tendons
32
Tendons are regulated by the _______
transcription factor SCLERAXIS
33
smooth muscles are derived from
visceral splanchnic mesoderm
34
Dorsal aorta and large arteries are derived from
lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells
35
Coronary arteries originates from _____and ________
proepicardial cells and neural crest cells
36
Transcription factor for smooth muscle cells differentiation
Serum Response Factor
37
MRTFs
Myocardin related transcription factors
38
MRTFs act as
coactivators
39
Cardiac muscles are derived from
visceral splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the heart tube
40
How are intercalated discs formed?
when myoblasts adhere to one another by special attachments
41
Conducting system of the heart
Purkinje fibers
42
Striated skeletal muscles are derived from
paraxial mesoderm
43
These are formed from 7 somitomeres which are partially segmented whorls of _______ derived from _____
Head musculature; mesenchymal cells; paraxial mesoderm
44
Progenitor cells from muscle tissues are derived from
VLL(ventrolateral) and DML (dorsomedial) edges of prospective dermomyotome
45
The primaxial domain surrounds the ______ and contains only _______
neural tube | somite derived cells
46
the abaxial domain consists of ______ in combination with ______ that _____
parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm; somite derived cells; migrate across the frontier into this region
47
the frontier that the VLL migrates into separates two mesodermal domains in the embryo; what are these domains
primaxial and abaxial domain
48
abaxial muscle precursor cells differentiate into _______, _____, _______
infrahyoid, | abdominal wall: rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques; and limb muscles
49
primaxial muscle precursors form the ______
muscles of the back, shoulder girdle and intercosal muscles
50
what are intercostal muscles
groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall.
51
back muscles are innervated by ____
dorsal primary rami
52
muscles of limbs and body wall are innervated by ______
ventral primary rami
53
epaxial muscles
back muscles
54
hypaxial muscles
muscles of limbs and body wall
55
signals from ______ and ______induce VLL cells
lateral plate mesoderm (BMP) and overlying ectoderm (WNT)
56
signals from _______and ______- induce DML cells
neural tube and notochord (SHH and WNT)
57
limbs form at the end of the _____ as what
4th week as buds along the body wall adjacent to specific spinal segments
58
What does the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) do?
it initiates the process of differentiation and regulates limb outgrowth by secreting FGFs
59
how does proximodistal process of limb development occur
cells farther from the influence of AER begin to differentiate into the cartilage and muscle
60
the hand and foot plates are developed on the ___ week
7th
61
the fingers and toes form when ____ occurs in _____
apoptosis AER
62
Final separation of the digits is achieved by _____ in the _______
additional apoptosis in the interdigital spaces
63
The upper limbs rotate 90° laterally and the result is
extensor muscles lie on the lateral and posterior surface, and the thumbs lie laterally
64
the lower limbs rotate in what direction
90° medially
65
what is the result of the medial rotation of lower limbs
the extensor muscleson the anterior surface, and big toe lies medially
66
the hyaline cartilage models are formed by ____on the ____ week of dev
chondrocytes 6th week of dev
67
Dorsal primary ramus innervates: epimere-_____,____ hypomere - _____,___
dorsal, extensor | ventral, flexor
68
When the caudal half of one sclerotome grows into and fuses with the cephalic half of each subjacent sclerotome
Resegmentation
69
Why is it that the mesenchymal cells between cephalic and caudal parts of the original segment do not proliferate
they fill the space between two precartilaginous vertebral bodes to contribute to the formation of the intervertebral disc and the intersegmental tissue
70
Myotomes bridge the intervertebral discs and as a result
it can move the vertebral column
71
2 primary curves of the spine
thoracic and sacral
72
secondary curvatures
cervical and lumbar curvature
73
what curvature develops when the child learns to hold up his head
cervical
74
this curvature develops when the child learns to walk
lumbar
75
formed by sclerotome cells that migrate across the lateral somitic frontier into the adjacent lateral plate mesoderm
Costal cartilages
76
develops independently in the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm in the ventral body wall
sternum
77
2 sternal bands are formed in the ________ on either side of the midline, and will later fuse to form cartilaginous models of _____,_____and ____
parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm; | manubrium, sternebrae, and xiphoid process

Block 4 Module 2 (6 decks)

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