Developmental anomalies

Question 1

what cell-types form the CNS and PNS respectively?

Answer 1

CNS = neural tube
PNS = neural crest

Question 2

neural tube defcts are assc with lack of what? at what specific time?

Answer 2

folate PRIOR to CONCEPTION

Question 3

neural tube defects show what levels in amniotic fluid

Answer 3

elevated AFP

Question 4

“frog-like appearance” of fetus is what condition? assc with what? why?

Answer 4

anencephaly

assc with polyhydrmanios: fetal swallowing is impaired

Question 5

what is MC cause of hydrocephalus in newborns

Answer 5

cerebral aqueduct stenosis

Question 6

Dandy walker cyst is dt what? presents how (3)?

Answer 6

failure of cerebellar vermis to develop

-presents as dilated 4th ventricle, absent cerebellum, hydrocephalus

Question 7

chiari type II is assc with what 2 conditions?

Answer 7

meningomyelocele, syringomelia

Question 8

most causes of cerebrovascular disease are due to ischemia or bleeding

Answer 8

ischemia = 85%

Question 9

global ischemia can be caused by what unique condition?

Answer 9

insulinoma –> repeated hypoglycemia!!

Question 10

what are the most vulnerable areas of brain to moderate global ischemia?

Answer 10

1. pyramidal neurons in cortex layers 3, 5, 6
2. pyramidal neurons of hippocampus (temporal lobe)
3. purkinje layer of cerebellum

Question 11

What is MC cause of meningitis in neonates (3)

Answer 11

GBS, E.coli, listeria

Question 12

What is MC cause of meningitis in teenagers

Answer 12

N. meningitis

Question 13

What is MC cause of meningitis in elderly

Answer 13

S. pneumo

Question 14

What is MC cause of meningitis in kids

Answer 14

Coxsackie virus

Question 15

What is MC cause of meningitis in immunocompromised

Answer 15

fungal

Question 16

to sample CSF, the spinal cord ends where? but subarachnoid space and cauda equina continue to what level

Answer 16

SC ends at L2, subarachnoid and cauda equina continue to S2

Question 17

complications dt meningitis are usually seem with what class of causative organism

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

thrombotic and embolic strokes result in what findings in brain, respectively

Answer 18

• thrombotic =pale infarct at cortex periphery

- embolic = hemorrhagic infarct at periphery

Question 19

ischemic strokes result in what initial histo change within what time frame

Answer 19

eosinophilic cytoplasm of neurons “red neurons” within 12 hours

Question 20

MC cause of SAH

Answer 20

rupture of berry aneurysm

Question 21

what is chc of a berry aneurysm?

Answer 21

lacks media layer

Question 22

where are berry aneurysms MC found

Answer 22

at Acomm in the anterior circle of willis

Question 23

subdural hematoma is dt what cause

Answer 23

rupture of bridging veins