Developmental approach Flashcards
(36 cards)
Bandura - background
learning theories
- bhv is moulded by reinforcement => we do things to avoid unpleasant consequences
- bhv is the response to stimuli in the env => behaviourist psychologists
Bandura - background
social learning theory
- learn through observation, when bhv has positive consequences we imitate it
- children imitate models actions
=> SLT has influenced the media and the effect of tv violence on childrens bhv
Bandura - background
previous research
Bandura & Hudson
=> children readily imitate bhv demonstrated by an adult role model if the model is present
Bandura - aim
to investigate whether learning can occur through observation of a role mode and that imitation of learned behaviour can occur even in the absence of a model
Bandura - Research method
Lab experiment => matched participants design => observation IV - sex of child & model, bhv of model DV - level of aggression shown by kids
Bandura - sample
=> 72 children => avg. age 52 months => Stanford Uni nursery => equal amount of boys and girls => opportunity sample
Bandura - matching procedure (exp design)
- kids were pre rated for levels of aggression by nursery teacher and experimenter on 5 point scale
- scale measured physical & verbal aggression, aggression inhibition
- children arranged into triplets and assigned at random to a condition
- inter-rater reli was high between teacher and exp
Bandura - procedure in a nutshell
- children went into a room full of toys , played for 1min and then role model showed non / aggressive bhv towards bobo doll & repeated this 3 times
- then all ppts went into a room of attractive toys and after 2 mins the toys were taken away
- then in room 3 children could play for 20 mins and were observed without their knowledge while experimenter was in the room
Bandura - results
=> children from aggressive condition showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggression .
=> overall boys were more aggressive than girls
=> male model was more influential than female model
Bandura - conclusions
=> shows evident that bhv is learnt via observation (SLT)
=> children will imitate behaviours shown by adult models even if they’re not present
Chaney - Background
operant conditioning + prev research
=> OC - learning through consequences of bhvioural responses. bhv thats rewarded likely to be repeated
==> Skinner - + reinforcement of rats: when rewarded with food from a lever they would repeat
Chaney - background
medical background
=> rates for compliance of medical regemes for kids was 30 - 70%
=> operant conditioning seen to be effective in medical world
Chaney - aim
test whether a funhaler could provide + reinforcement to improve adherence in child asthmatics compared to normal inhalers
Chaney - research method
Feld experiment
=> own homes in Perth, AUS
=> repeated measured design
=> self-report used to gather data
IV - standard inhaler, funhaler
DV - amount of adherance
Chaney - sample
=> 32 children from Perth
=> 22 male, 10 female
=> all had asthma for avg. 2 years
Chaney - funhaler
had a whistle and spinner that made a noise when children take deep breaths
Chaney - procedure in a nutshell
- parents contacted on the phone & purpose of the study is explained (informed consent)
- interviewed using closed qaire about child’s usage of inhaler
- given funhaler for 2 week period, used under adult supervision only
- parents were phoned randomly during the 2 weeks and were visited at the end for 2nd Qaire
Chaney - results
=> 81% parents medicated child funhaler prev. day, 59% old inhaler
=> 30% more children took recommended 4 deep breaths with funhaler
Chaney - conclusions
- operant conditioning is useful for managing medical regimes
- self-reinforcement strategies can improved health of kids
Kohlberg - background
prev. research
- Piaget => structural approach of moral development
from Piaget’s research Kohlberg created PIGLSU (development stages)
=> stages are invariant, no stages are skipped , not all ppl reach highest level of moral development
Kohlberg - Aim
- to investigate development of moral reasoning throughout adolescence and early adulthood
- asses the extent to which these changes hold true in a range of cultural contexts .
Kohlberg - sample
- 75 American boys
- aged 10 - 16
- followed every 3 years until ages 22 - 28
=> also studied in boys from GB, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico & Turkey
Kohlberg - Research method
- Longitudinal study following same group of boys for 12 years
- Cross - sectional research conducted in cross cultural study (snapshot)
Kohlberg - Procedure in a nutshell
- each boy was presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas every 3 years
- dilemmas determined the stage of moral development they were in
- ppts asked what character should do
Cross cultural study
=> asked about theft of food
