Developmental Approach Flashcards
(24 cards)
Kohlberg
Aim?
Investigating development in moral reasoning throughout adolescence and adulthood. To assess the extent to which these changes hold true in a range of cultural contexts.
Kohlberg
Sample?
75 American boys
Longitudinal study 12 years
start: 10-16
end: 22-28
Kohlberg
Method?
Conducted interviews every 3 years. Pp was presented with a series of moral dilemmas which measured 25 moral themes. Pp was asked what the character should do.
Same dilemmas were presented to Mexican and Taiwanese participants of different ages- not longitudinal.
Cross-sectional study.
Kohlberg
Results?
Kohlberg proposed that moral development went through 3 levels and 6 stages.
Level 1: 1. Punishment and obedience 2. Favouring oneself Level2: 3. Good boy/girl 4. Law and order Level 3: 5. Human rights 6. Self chosen ethical principles
level 1: pre-conventional morality (7-13)
level 2: conventional morality (13-16)
level 3: post-conventional (16+)
Pp were put into a stage when 50% of their answers fell into that stage. Individuals of the same age could have quite different moral maturity.
Kohlbery
Conclusions?
- Children and adolescents go through the same series of stages where their moral reasoning develops.
- People growing up in a range of cultural contexts go through the same stages
Kohlberg
Evaluation?
Pros: longitudinal study eliminates individual differences. Qualitative data in in interviews. No deception or distress-ethics High external reliability-replicate
Cons:
low ecological validity- hypothetical situations
Interviews- subjective
Androcentric
Lee
Aim?
To investigate cross-cultural differences in children’s understand and moral valuations of lying in prosocial and antisocial situations.
Lee
Sample?
108- Canadian- New Brunswick elementary school
120- Chinese- Hangzou Zhejiang Province elementary school
ages 7, 9, 11
Lee
Method?
Pp read aloud 4 different stories each:
2 of stories were prosocial
2 of stories were antisocial
Children shown a 7 point rating scale and asked after the story whether the child had been good or naughty.
Interviewer altered order of stories and words good or naughty
Lee
Results?
All children rated lying in antisocial situations as bad.
Chinese Pp were more likely to rate lying in prosocial situations as positive.
70% Chinese 11 year olds rated lying in prosocial situations positively compared to only 25% chinese 7yo
Lee
Conclusions?
- Moral reasoning can be influenced by our culture and the society we live in.
- the influence if socio-cultural factors becomes stronger as we age
- some aspects of moral reasoning may be universal
Lee
Evaluation?
Pros: Q&Q data- allowed for comparisons and gave extra detail Randomised order prevents order effects High internal reliability- standardised Large sample- both genders
Cons:
Young children may not express their reasoning effectively
Ecological validity
not much known about chinese Pp
Bandura
Aim?
Investigate observational learning of aggression when the model was no longer present and to look for gender differences in learning of aggression
Bandura
Sample?
72 (36 male 36 female)
Standford uni nursery
37 months-69 months
Bandura
Method?
Lab experiment 3 IVs
- gender of model
- gender of child
- behaviour of model
children matched for aggression levels to remove EV- rated by experimenter and nursery teacher was 0 to 5.
0.89 agreement between 2 raters.
24 Pp in aggressive model.
24 Pp in non-aggressive model
24 Pp in no model
1. Modelling behaviour aggressive- adult kicked bobo doll nonaggressive- adult assembled blocks 2. Aggression arousal 3. testing for delayed imitation
3 types of aggression recorded
1. imitative
2. partially imitative
3 non-imitative
Bandura
Results?
- Aggressive male model:
25.4 male&7.2 female show aggression - Control 1.5M & 0F aggression
- very little difference in control and non-a
- boys more likely to imitate aggressive male model 25.4 (male) 12.8 (fmodel)
- girls were more verbally aggressive
female model- 13.7 (f) 4.3 (m)
Bandura
Conclusions?
- witnessing aggression in a model can be enough to produce aggression by an observer.
- Children selectively imitate gender specific behaviour
- As imitative aggression was shown it suggests they learnt it from the adult model
Bandura
Evaluation?
Pros:
- High internal reliability- highly standardised and controlled
- Prior aggression controlled by matching levels before
- large sample size
- Quantitative data enables us to compare
Cons:
- Ethics- children cannot give informed consent and were purposefully made angry
- Nursery school used was attended by academics so low population validity
- lacks realism- bobo doll not real person
Chaney
Aim?
Top investigate whether positive reinforcement through the use of the funhaler could be used to increased medical compliance in young asthmatics compared to using the conventional device with no additional features.
Chaney
Sample?
32 children (22M, 10F) Age 1.5-6 Average duration of asthma- 2 years Random sample from clinics across a large geographical area
Chaney
Method?
Field exp as it took place at their homes. Parents gave informed consent and completed a structured close q questionaire with an interviewer about their childs current asthma device, attitudes to medication and compliance levels.
Pp asked to used the funhaler without further instruction but parental guidance was required.
Funhaler included attachments e.g. spin disc+whistle designed to distract children from drug delivery event+encourage and reward deep breathing for effective delivery of medication.
Operant conditioning as self reinforcement technique used,
Parents completed matched item questionaire to allow direct comparison with standard device.
One random check via phone.
Chaney
Results?
27-32 valid responses obtained.
59% of parents medicated child on previous day using standard devices, compared to 81% using funhaler.
50% children took 4 or more cycles per aerosol using SD compared to 80% using Funhaler.
Chaney
Conclusions?
- Use of funhaler could improve clinical outcomes- lowers rates of admissions to hospital due to asthma attacks
- Devices using self-reinforcement strategies can improve overall health of children
Chaney
Evaluation?
Pros:
- mundane realism- high ecological validity due to field exp
- Quantitative data- direct comparison
- high reliability+standardised
Cons:
- self-report- bias
- order effects for SD
- cannot generalise outside of australia due to differences in societal attitudes to medicine
