developmental area Flashcards
background to Bandura’s study
-one of the first studies to look at learning via observation and imitation
-previous research indicated that children would imitate behaviours shown by an adult model, but this was restricted to children imitating while adult was still present
aim of Bandura’s study
to see whether children would imitate adult behaviour when given the opportunity, even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original model they observed performing the behaviour was no longer present
sample and location of Bandura’s study
-72 children, equal gender split
-3-5 years old
-Stanford University
what experimental design did Bandura’s study use
matched participants- each participant is paired with another participant with a shared characteristic
-mean age
-gender
-mean aggression rating
what were the children matched on in Bandura’s study
-physical aggression levels
-verbal aggression levels
-inhibition aggression levels
-aggression towards inanimate objects
what was the inter rater reliability of Bandura’s study
0.89
how did the researchers know what the childrens prior levels of aggression were in Bandura’s study
children were observed prior to the experiment by both the teacher and nursery teacher and they made judgements on how aggressive they were rated on a five point scale
one advantage and disadvantage of using matched participants design in Bandura’s study
-stops prior levels of aggression influencing the results
-long process
procedure in Bandura’s study
1) each child taken to a room for 10 minutes with lots of toys eg potato printing and stickers
2) model would punch their toy Bobo doll in aggressive condition and ignore it in non aggressive condition
3) mild aggression arousal stage- children taken into a smaller room by the experimenter containing attractive toys (toy train and doll) , allowing the child to play with these for 2 minutes before being taken away
4) all 72 children taken back to main room and observed through a one way mirror for 20 minutes, recording physical, verbal, partial and not imitative aggressive behaviour
5) to ensure objectivity one observer did not know the category the child had been placed in
quantitative findings in Bandura’s study
-boys + aggressive male model = 25.8 mean physical aggressive acts
-boys + control = 2.0 acts
-girls + aggressive female model = 13.7 mean verbal aggressive acts
-girls + control = 0.7 acts
qualitative findings in Bandura’s study
- ‘he’s a good fighter like daddy’
- ‘that girl was just acting like a man’
-‘he sure is a tough fella’
-‘hit him down’
background in Kohlberg’s study
morality explained in terms of super ego, ego and id
or explained as a consequence of children observing and imitating models who behave in a moral way
Piaget’s theory - believes all behaviour is learnt
how does moral thinking change as people get older?
stages of moral development
aim in Kohlberg’s study
wanted to provide research that would back up his theory of moral development inspired by Piaget
sample and location of Kohlberg’s study
-75 boys aged 10-16 until they were 22-28
-Taiwan, Turkey, Mexico, Malaysia, Canada, UK
procedure of Kohlberg’s study
-every boy presented with moral dilemmas eg Heinz every 3 years during this time
-using the boys answers, Kohlberg ranked them from 1 (least morally developed) to 6 (most) , forming his theory of the stages of moral development
findings of Kohlberg’s study - stages
pre conventional:
-orientation towards punishment- child responsive to cultural norms but behaves immorally if authority is missing
‘Is it better to save the life of one important person than a lot of unimportant people’
-self-interest orientation- child behaves in a self centred way
‘Should the doctor ‘mercy kill’ a fatally ill woman requesting death because of her pain’
conventional:
-good boy/good girl orientation- child seeking approval from others
‘same as 2’
-orientation towards authority/fixed rules- child sees right behaviour as duty
‘same as 2’
post conventional:
social contract orientation- child does what is right based on law and personal values ‘same as 2’
universal ethical principles- child bases judgement on universal human rights of justice ‘same as 2’
background to Chaney et al’s study
-behaviourist principle - behaviour will be repeated if it is rewarded (operant conditioning)
-In Australia about 1 in 4 kids have asthma
-compliance with asthma medication is at 30-70%
-parents can reinforce pain behaviour by giving lots of cuddles and treats if a child is in pain
aim to Chaney’s study
wanted to see whether the principles of positive reinforcement could be incorporated into an attachment spacer device to help train children in how to use their inhaler properly
sample and location of Chaney’s study
-32 children (22 boys, 10 girls)
-1.5-6 years old
-average duration of asthma 2.2 years
-recruited from GP clinics near Perth, Australia
procedure of Chaney’s study
1) parents contacted by phone before being visited at home, they obtained written consent from parents before they filled in a questionnaire about their child’s current inhaler spacer device (AeroChamber / Breathe - A - Tech)
2) parents were given a Funhaler to use with their child for 2 weeks - makes whistle sound and disc spins around (tested to improve amount of children getting correct dose)
3) after 2 weeks, parents were contacted again and given another questionnaire to fill in on the Funhaler
findings in Chaney’s study
-50% of children had achieved the desired 4 or more breath cycles per delivery with their previous asthma inhaler, 80% achieved this with Funhaler
-10% parents had said they were happy with child’s previous asthma inhaler, 61% said this about Funhaler
-children had more positive attitude to Funhaler
background in Lee et al’s study
Kant’s rule of morality that ‘it is wrong to tell lies’
Lee believes the social context of a lie is important
Eastern cultures tend to be collectivist, where the person’s identity is bound closely to that of the group
Western cultures tend to be individualist with the rights and interests of the individual being paramount
cultural values e.g ‘unsung hero’ in China may cause children to see lying differently
aim of Lee’s study
culture- to find out if the culture a child grows up in affects their views about truth telling and lying
age- to find out if the views of children about truth-telling and lying change as they grow older
type of story - social (someone helped/hurt) or physical (pages ripped out of book)
sample and location in Lee’s study
120 Chinese, 108 Canadian
equal age split of 7, 9 and 11 year olds in China
equal gender split and physical/social story split
36 7 year olds, 40 9 year olds, 32 11 year olds in Canada
unbalanced gender split - more boys
