Developmental Bio Vocab Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
development
A
process of progressive and continuous growth generating complex multicellular organisms from single cell
2
Q
organogenesis
A
formation of specialized tissues and structures from the 3 germ layers
3
Q
blastomere
A
cleavage stage cell resulting from mitosis in an early embryo
4
Q
blastula
A
embryonic stage composed of blastomeres
5
Q
blastocyst
A
mammalian blastula
6
Q
blastocoel
A
cavity within a blastula
7
Q
embryo
A
developing organism prior to birth/hatching in humans, early stages of development (fertilization- 8 weeks)
8
Q
embryogenesis
A
stages of development between fertilization and birth
9
Q
gastrulation
A
formation of 3 germ layers through movement of blastomeres
10
Q
morphogenesis
A
creation of ordered form, involves coordinating cell growth, cell migration, and cell death
11
Q
zygote
A
diploid egg cell that has been fertilized
12
Q
indeterminate growth
A
growth that does not stop, common in plants
13
Q
oviparity
A
young hatch from eggs (birds, amphibians, and most invertebrates)
14
Q
viviparity
A
young are nourished and born from mother’s body (placental mammals)
15
Q
ovoviviparity
A
young hatch from eggs help within mother’s body where they continue to develop for some time (sharks and some reptiles)
16
Q
pronuclei
A
egg or sperm, haploid nuclei, form the diploid nucleus of zygote when together
17
Q
larval/maturity stage
A
metamorphosis and growth, develop until sexual maturity
18
Q
gametogenesis
A
formation of gametes
19
Q
holoblastic cleavage
A
yolk is distributed throughout, entire cell is divided into successively smaller cells
20
Q
meroblastic cleavage
A
yolk is the dense and only the portion of the egg destined to be the embryo divides
21
Q
vegetal pole
A
yolk rich area of embryo
22
Q
animal pole
A
side of cell with less yolk
23
Q
cell movements during gastrulation
A
invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly
24
Q
invagination
A
infolding of a sheet (epithelium) of cells, like pushing in a rubberband that is laying on a table
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involution
inward movement of an expanding outer layer so that it spreads over the internal surface of the remaining external cells
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ingression
migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryo's interior. Individual cells become mesenchymal and migrate independently
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delamination
splitting of one cellular sheet into two parallel sheets resulting in the formation of a new sheet of cells
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epiboly
outer surface spreading over inner surface
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Differentiation
Diversification/specialization of cell type
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Cleavage
Formation of blastomeres from mitosis in early embryo
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Fertilization
Joining of haploid gametes to create a new diploid organism
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Dorsal blastopore lip
ring formed that opens for movement of endoderm and mesoderm cells through it. ectoderm cells encapsulate the embryo
33
dorsal
view along the back of the embryo
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ventral
view from the eventual stomach, front of organism
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ectoderm
outermost germ layer; will eventually give rise to cells of the skin (epidermis), and brain (CNS)
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mesoderm
middle germ layer; will eventually give rise to the blood, heart, kidney, gonads, bones, muscles, and connective tissues
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endoderm
inner most germ layer; produces stomach cells, thyroid cells, and lung cells
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notochord
rod of cells along the dorsal side of an embryo that release bioregulators directing cells to become the nervous system; instructs cells to become neural plate, which will fold to become the neural tube
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neural tube
embryonic precursor to the CNS
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fate mapping
technique that marks embryos with a dye so the development of different tissues can be observed visually
41
in situ hybridization
a technique that observes where and when genes are expressed by probing genes of an embryo
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transgenics/mutagenics
changing the genome of an organism and observing the results
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loss of function experiment
determines if a gene is necessary for a structure to form or for a specific outcome (gene is necessary)
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gain of function experiment
demonstrates that simply having a gene, even if it is in the wrong place, will result in the same outcome as if it were not altered (gene is sufficient)
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anterior
near the head/front of an organism
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posterior
near the tail/end of an organism
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differential adhesion
cells of the same type will stick to each other more than to others, leading to the organization of cells by type
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juxtacrine signaling
cell to cell communication through direct contact of cell receptors
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paracrine signaling
cell communication across distances through the secretion of signaling proteins (ligands) into the extracellular matrix
50
autocrine signaling
cell secreting signals will also receive them, self-instructing signals
51
ligands
signaling proteins released by cells that will then bond to receptors on the target cell and result in an affect
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cadherins (calcium dependent adhesion molecule)
cell adhesion molecules (CAM) that are critical for establishing and maintaining intercellular connections. amount of cadherins drives the sorting of cells.
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Specification
1st stage of commitment of cell or tissue fate when cell can differentiate itself given the right environment
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Specified
Stage during development when cell is capable of differentiating into specific type but can still be differentiated into a different cell
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Determined
Stage where cells are on an irreversible path to differentiate regardless of the environment and cues
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Determination
Stage of commitment after specification, irreversible, cell will become specific type regardless of environment
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Cytoplasmic determinants
Factors inherited from egg that determine cell fate; often transcription factors that regulate gene expression
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Transcription factor
proteins involved in the process of transcribing DNA into RNA, initiating and regulating the transcription of genes by binding to DNA with precise sequence recognition for specific promoters, enhancers, or silencers
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Commitment
Stage in which cell’s developmental fate is restricted but it is not yet showing obvious change/differentiation
60
Conditional specification
cell identity is dependent on interactions with cells, either through contact (juxtacrine), signaling molecules (paracrine), and/or mechanical
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Autonomous specification
Cell has inherent transcriptional regulation to direct a specific fate, either cytoplasmic determinants or pre-determined
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Pluripotent
Cells capable of becoming many different types, stem cells
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Totipotent
Cells that can become any cell, certain stem cells
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Syncytial specification
Specification of many nuclei within one cell
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Syncytium
Cell in which there are many nuclei within the same cytoplasm
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Levels of commitment
Autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification
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Differential gene expression
Process by which cells become different through the genes they express (active genes)
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Transcription
Copying DNA into RNA, making pre-mRNA (1st level of regulation)
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Translation
mRNA into polypeptide chain (3rd level of regulation)
70
What are the levels of regulation of gene expression?
Transcription (which genes are transcribed), pre-mRNA processing (regulate which mRNA are allowed to enter cytoplasm), translation, and post-transcriptional protein modifications (keeping or degrading proteins based on need)
71
3 postulates of gene expression
Every somatic cell contains the same complete genome from the fertilized egg, unused genes are not destroyed or mutated, and only a small part of the genome is expressed in each cell
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Promoter
Region of a gene containing the DNA sequence that RNA polymerase 2 binds to to initiate transcription
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Intron
Non-protein coding regions of DNA
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Exon
Regions of DNA that code for proteins
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Enhancer
DNA sequence that controls rate and efficiency of transcription from a specific promoter; bind specific transcription factors that activate the gene
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5’ UTR
5 prime untranslated region, space before start codon of translation
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Silencer
DNA regulatory element that binds transcription factors that actively repress the transcription of a specific gene
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Cis-regulatory elements
Regulatory elements that are on the same stretch of DNA as the gene they regulate
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Combinatorial control
Enhancers contain regions of DNA that bind transcription factors, and this combination activates the gene
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Integrins
cell adhesion receptors that bind cells to the fibronectin (protein of the extracellular matrix)
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examples of adhesive proteins
Integrins and cadherins
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homophilic binding
binding between two receptors of the same type, stronger than heterophilic (usually cadherins to cadherins)
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where do cadherins link?
cytoskeleton
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what is the main function of the hippo pathway?
prevents excess organ growth by limiting cell proliferation, apoptosis and stem cell self-renewal
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heterophilic binding
binding of different types of adhesion receptors, weaker than homophilic binding but keep the structure as it needs to be
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epithelial to mesenchymal transition
process in which polar epithelial cells (in a sheet) lose polarity and cell-cell junctions/adhesions and migrate individually to a new destination. informed by signal to change gene expression and become mesenchymal
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role of ECM in cell signaling
proteins of the ECM like fibronectin and laminin create barriers between tissue types. Integrins, which connect to these proteins, can regulate gene expression, which is critical for the regulation of growth
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competence
whether or not a cell can receive and react to a message from another cell, meaning it has the right receptors and abilities
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inducer
signaling tissue
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responder
competent reciever of signal
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Induction
process by which a cell sends a signal and a competent receiver gets the message and reacts, can occur many times (layered)
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instructive interaction
signalling from the inducing cell is necessary for initiating the new gene expression in the responding cell
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permissive interaction
the responding tissue contains all the potentials needed for the genes to be expressed and only needs an environment that allows for the expression of the traits
