Developmental biology

Question 1

What are the 2 aspects of development

Answer 1

Growth and differentiation

Question 2

Which structure embeds itself in the womb and what is its structure.

Answer 2

The blastocyst. It has an inner cell mass with an outer layer of cells around it. ICM forms the embryo and Outer layer of cells forms placenta

Question 3

WhIch process occurs after it has been embedded in the womb.

Answer 3

Gastrulation. this involves further differentiation of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. they form the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells

Question 4

What organs do the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cell form

Answer 4

Ectoderm - skin, nervous system
Mesoderm - Blood, heart, muscle
Endoderm - Pancreas, liver, Gut, lungs

Question 5

Name the order of progressive differentiation to a beta islet cell

Answer 5

ICM cell, endoderm cell, pancreatic bud cell, endocrine pancreas cell, beta islet cell.

Question 6

What is progressive differentiation dependent on

Answer 6

Epigenetics, the “switching on and off of genes”

Question 8

What determines cell fate - how a cell moves between stages and what determines it

Answer 8

Cytoplasmic factors - transcription factors that control which genes are translated - CHECK ANSWER ON PADLET L13
Cell-cell interactions - cells can release things like cytokines and growth factors that affect other cells

Question 9

L13 22:04-22:59

Question 10

What are the 2 essential properties of stem cells

Answer 10

Self-regeneration and differentiation

Question 11

types of stem cells an where they are found.

Answer 11

Totipotent stem cells - fertilisation

Pluripotent - blastocyst

Multipotent - adult stem cells are tissue specific

Question 12

What are the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

Answer 12

Embryonic - plentiful, can form all cell types, immortal in culture

Adult - tissue specific, can form a few cell types, hard to isolate, limited life span

Question 13

Define regeneration

Answer 13

The reactivation of developmental processes to restore missing or damaged tissue

Question 13

Why are planaria able to regenerate

Answer 13

They are rich in stem cells called neoblasts. theses neoblasts are rich across the whole organism

Question 14

How does a newt regenerate limbs

Answer 14

1. Wound healing - inflammation, clotting, formation of wound epidermis.
2. Blastema formation - Cells at the site of the wound dedifferentiate to form the blastema. Which can divide to give rise to new cells

Question 15

Why is mammalian regeneration limited

Answer 15

1. Cancer risk
2. Lost or altered genes
3. Smaller stem cell pool

Question 16

What is CD59 and what does it do

Answer 16

It’s a cell surface protein which is graded down along the newt limb. When the limb is severed/damaged the cells can look the the concentration of CD59 to see how much of the limb needs to be regrown. CD59 gives the cells an address of where they are along the limb.

Question 17

What is a cancer stem cell

Answer 17

Rare cells within tumors with the ability to self- renew and give rise to the phenotypically diverse tumor cell population to drive tumorigenesis

Question 18

What is Tumorigenesis.

Answer 18

Tumorigenesis, also called oncogenesis or carcinogenesis, is the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells. It involves genetic and molecular changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumour formation.