Developmental, Congenital, Childhood Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Prematurity
A
birth before the 37th gestational week; baby underdeveloped, underweight, and at high risk
2
Q
Causes of prematurity
A
incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, toxic conditions, maternal infection, premature amniotic rupture
3
Q
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
A
infant suffers acute hypoxemia, displays signs of respiratory distress, nasal flaring, grunting, sternal retractions
4
Q
Causes of IRDS
A
infant’s lungs lack the surfactant needed to expand the alveoli
5
Q
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A
chronic lung disease, lungs stiff and obstructed, infant displays dyspnea, wheezing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, sternal retractions, crackling sounds during auscultation
6
Q
Causes of BPD
A
IRDS, lung infection, pneumonia
7
Q
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A
occurs in infants born before 28 weeks, no visible symptoms, abnormal growth of the blood vessels in the infant’s eyes
8
Q
Causes of ROP
A
incomplete vascularization of the blood vessels to the retina
9
Q
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
A
acute inflammatory process, fragile intestinal tract of the premature newborn becomes active
10
Q
Causes of NEC
A
ischemic necrosis of the mucus lining of the small intestine, possibly breakdown in normal defense of the GI tract
11
Q
Cerebral Palsy
A
congenital paralysis, displays a lack of control, poor balance, speech difficulty, wide gait
12
Q
Causes of Cerebral Palsy
A
damage to the CNS, inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development
13
Q
Muscular Dystrophy
A
progressive weakening and degeneration of the skeletal muscles, displays toe walking, waddling gait, possible spinal deformities and mental retardation, eventual crippling
14
Q
Causes of Muscular Dystrophy
A
genetic defect
15
Q
Spina Bifida Occulta
A
posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, no herniation of meninges or spinal cord
16
Q
Causes of Spina Bifida Occulta
A
neural tube fails to close, congenital defect
17
Q
Meningocele
A
second level of failure of the spinal column to fuse, meninges protrude, forming a sac filled with CSF
18
Q
Causes of Meningocele
A
neural tube fails to close, exact cause unknown
19
Q
Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida Cystica)
A
protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the spinal column (lumbar), spinal cord herniation, immobile joints, paralysis of lower extremities, musculoskeletal malformation
20
Q
Causes of Myelomeningocele
A
neural tube fails to close, meninges, spinal cord herniate through spinal column
21
Q
Hydrocephalus
A
amount of CSF is increased greatly or circulation is blocked, abnormal enlargement of the head, pressure changes in brain
22
Q
Causes of Hydrocephalus
A
large amount of CSF accumulates in the skull, circulation impaired, possibly by a lesion or congenital defect, CSF prevented from reaching normal areas, possibly caused by intracranial hemorrhage, head traums, blood clot, prematurity
23
Q
Anencephaly
A
fetus has no cranial vault and little cerebral tissue, fatal
24
Q
Causes of Anencephaly
A
neural tube deficit
25
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (Cat's Cry Syndrome)
small head, deficiency of cerebral brain tissue, mental retardation, cat-like cry, eyes far apart
26
Causes of Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
deletion on chromosome 5
27
Down Syndrome
congenital, mental retardation, typical face, short hands, simian line
28
Causes of Down Syndrome
trisomy 21
29
Ventricular Septal Defect
abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles, most common congenital cardiac disorder, blood shunted from the left to the right side by higher pressure, murmur heard during auscultation, acyanotic
30
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
ductus fails to functionally close, murmur, growth and development possibly slowed, acyanotic
31
Coarctation of the Aorta
narrowed aortic lumen, partial obstruction, increased left ventricular pressure, decreased blood pressure distal to the narrowing, acyanotic
32
Atrial Septal Defect
abnormal opening between the right and left atria, can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope
33
Tetralogy of Fallot
most common cyanotic cardiac defect, combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition (placement to the right) of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy, infants affected born blue, symptoms of hypoxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, seizures
34
Transposition of the Great Arteries
aorta and pulmonary artery reversed, results in two closed-loop systems, cyanotic, tachypnea, signs of heart failure
35
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
obvious, nontraumatic deformity of the foot, anterior half of foot adducted and inverted
36
Causes of Clubfoot
fetal position, genetic factors
37
Congenital Hip Dysplasia
abnormal development of the hip joint that ranges from unstable to dislocation of the femoral head, limited adduction, shortening of femur
38
Causes of CHD
exact cause unknown, possibly from softening of the ligaments caused by maternal relaxin, breech birth
39
Cleft Lip/Palate
congenital defect, one or more clefts in the upper lip, cleft palate is where there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth
40
Causes of Cleft Lip/Palate
failure in the embryonic development of the fetus, multifactorial genetic disorder
41
Cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
42
Causes of Cryptorchidism
unknown, possibly hormones
43
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
highly malignant neoplasm of the kidney in children under the age of 5, most common kidney tumor of childhood, mass in kidney region, hematuria, abdominal pain, anemia, vomiting, weight loss, fever
44
Causes of Wilms' Tumor
adenosarcoma arising from abnormal fetal kidney tissue that is left behind, begins unrestrained cancerous growth, 20% hereditary, associated with other anomalies
45
Phimosis
stenosis of the foreskin
46
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach, projectile vomiting, fails to gain weight
47
Causes of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
possibly hereditary, more common in males
48
Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
impairment of intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon, constipation, distended abdomen
49
Causes of Hirschsprung Disease
parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in a segment of the colon, colon becomes distended
50
Cystic Fibrosis
chronic dysfunction of the exocrine glands, sticky mucus that blocks glandular ducts, vomiting, paroxysmal cough
51
Causes of CF
genetic disorder
52
Phenylketonuria
error in the metabolism of amino acids, causes brain damage, mental retardation if not corrected
53
Causes of PKU
autosomal recessive trait, causes defective enzymatic conversion, accumulation phenylalanine in the blood
54
Klinefelter Syndrome
male hypogonadism, XXY, abnormal development of testes, little body hair, infertility, mild delay in learning
55
Causes of Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY, XXYY, XXXY, XXXXY, nondisjunction during gamete formation
56
Turner Syndrome
female with only one sex chromosome, XO, ovaries immature or absent, short, amenorrhea, lack of puberty, sterility, dwarfism, cardiac defects, kidney defects, normal intelligence
57
Causes of Turner Syndrome
results from a loss of the second X chromosome caused by nondisjunction
58
Chickenpox (Varicella)
highly contagious, acute viral infection common in children and young adults, superficial cutaneous lesions that begins as red macules and progress to papules and then vesicles, spread over the body, fever, rash, anorexia, intense itching, usually lasts 2 weeks
59
Causes of Chickenpox
caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), member of the herpes virus group
60
Diphtheria
acute communicable disease, causes necrosis of the mucus membrane in the respiratory tract, usually children, sore throat, dysphagia, cough, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, infection can cause grayish patches of thick mucus membrane to appear along the respiratory tract
61
Causes of Diphtheria
caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the nasopharynx, transmitted by airborne droplets
62
Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
acute communicable disease causing swelling of parotid gland(s), tenderness in neck, headache, fever, earache, loss of appetite
63
Causes of Mumps
airborne virus spread by droplet nuclei from the respiratory tract
64
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, three stages, highly contagious catarrhal stage (seems to be a common cold), paroxysmal stage (cough becomes violent and whooping), convalescent period (cough gradually diminishes)
65
Causes of Pertussis
caused by pertussis bacillus Bordetella pertussis, releases a toxin that leads to necrosis of the mucosa, transmitted by droplet nuclei
66
Measles (Rubeola)
acute, highly contagious, viral disease, coldlike symptoms, photophobia, fever, red blotchy rash, spreads across body, Koplik spots on the oral mucosa
67
Causes of Measles
caused by the measles virus, spread by direct contact
68
Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)
highly contagious viral disease, rose-colored elevated rash, appears on face, spreads downward, low-grade fever, great danger to unborn children
69
Causes of Rubella
rubella virus, spread by direct contact
70
Tetanus
acute, potentially fatal, systemic infection, extremely febrile, sweating, stiff neck, tight jaw, facial spasms, convulsive spasms, possible asphyxiation
71
Causes of Tetanus
bacillus Clostridium tetani, contaminated soil, animal excretions, enters body through laceration, puncture wound
72
Influenza
acute, highly contagious viral infection, occurs sporadically, epidemically, high fever, pulmonary complications, Reye syndrome
73
Common Cold
short-lasting, nasal congestion, bacterial infection
74
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
unpredicted death of an infant under 1 year old
75
Cause of SIDS
unknown
76
Croup
acute, severe inflammation of respiratory tract, hoarseness, fever, stridor, harsh cough, narrowing of upper airways
77
Causes of Croup
viral disease, involves larynx, trachea, bronchi
78
Epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis, life-threatening, croupy cough, fever, respiratory distress, red swollen epiglottis
79
Causes of Epiglottitis
may follow an upper respiratory tract infection, Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria
80
Acute Tonsillitis
painful inflammatory infectious tonsils, sudden onset, headache, sore throat, chills, fever, malaise, anorexia, muscle joint pain
81
Causes of Acute Tonsillitis
many organisms, beta-hemolytic streptococci most commonly
82
Adenoid Hyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate, partial breathing blockage, can contribute to otitis media, nasal speech
83
Causes of Adenoid Hyperplasia
unknown
84
Asthma
chronic disease, increased respiratory activity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli, leading cause of chronic illness and school absenteeism in children, incessant cough, rapid pulse, pallor, perspiration, inability to speak clearly, tight chest, rhonchi, wheezes
85
Causes of Asthma
hereditary factors, hyperactive bronchial tubes, extrinsic (allergic), intrinsic (non-allergic), stress, exercise, allergens, pollution, smoke
86
Infantile Colic
intermittent abdominal distress in infants, passing gas by mouth and rectum, gain weight, crying, fist-clenching
87
Causes of Infantile Colic
unknown, possibly improper feeding techniques, sensitivity to cow's milk
88
Helminth Infestation (Worms)
worms take up residence in the GI tract, eggs are swallowed, hatched in intestine, irritation in perineal area, itching
89
Causes of Helminth Infestation
pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, eggs swallowed, transmitted directly or indirectly
90
Diarrhea
rapid passage of stool though the intestinal tract, runny stool, consistent, can cause electrolyte loss
91
Causes of Diarrhea
infection (bacterial, viral), medications, allergic reactions, anatomic abnormalities, malabsorption, syndromes, chemical irritation, mechanical irritation, diet, toxicity
92
Vomiting
ejection of stomach contents by mouth
93
Causes of Vomiting
food poisoning, overfeeding, drug poisoning, allergies, gastric irritation, genetic defects, infection, intracranial pressure, pyloric stenosis, many others
94
Anemia
deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin in blood
95
Causes of Anemia
iron deficiency (most common), chronic blood loss, hemolytic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, loss of bone marrow and blood
96
Leukemia
cancer of blood-forming tissues, abnormal increase in the number of immature leukocytes, fever, easy bruising, pallor, weakness, weight loss, bone pain, spleen enlargement
97
Causes of Leukemia
too many immature leukocytes
98
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood, jaundice, anemia, kernicterus, enlargement of liver, enlargement of spleen, congestion, seizures, heart failure, mental retardation
99
Causes of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
incompatibility between fetal and maternal blood, Rh incompatibility, antibodies destroy fetal blood cells
100
Lead Poisoning
environmentally caused blood poisoning, vomiting, irritability, ataxic gait, anemia, weakness, colic, peripheral neuritis
101
Causes of Lead Poisoning
ingestion of lead, lead in the blood
102
Reye Syndrome
combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs, especially liver, often fatal, disruption in urea cycle that causes swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, hyperventilation, hyperactive reflexes, delirium, coma, seizures, loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory arrest
103
Causes of Reye Syndrome
unknown, usually follows influenza A, influenza B, viruses, chickenpox, aspirin
104
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
fetus exposed to alcohol in the womb, growth retardation, far apart eyes, small eye openings, thin upper lip, mental retardation, alcohol withdrawal
105
Causes of FAS
maternal alcohol consumption while pregnant
106
Diaper Rash
contact dermatitis, rash in the diaper area
107
Causes of Diaper Rash
sensitive skin, friction, prolonged exposure to urine, feces, ammonia, poorly washed diapers, plastic pants, poor hygiene
