Developmental of CV system

Question 1

Heart tube folds into a primiLve heart starts on ___ week.

Answer 1

4th week

Question 2

Heart tube folding:
(Bulbus Cordis/ Primitive Ventricle/ Primitive Atrium/ Sinus Venosus)?

• It moves superiorly and posteriorly
• It forms the left atrium and part of the
  right atrium

Answer 2

Primitive Atrium

Question 3

Heart tube folding:
(Bulbus Cordis/ Primitive Ventricle/ Primitive Atrium/ Sinus Venosus)?

• It moves superiorly and posteriorly
• It forms superior vena cava and part of
  the right atrium

Answer 3

Sinus Venosus

Question 4

Heart tube folding:
(Bulbus Cordis/ Primitive Ventricle/ Primitive Atrium/ Sinus Venosus)?

• It moves inferior and anterior, sliding over to the right
• It forms the right ventricle, aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 4

Bulbus Cordis

Question 5

Heart tube folding:
(Bulbus Cordis/ Primitive Ventricle/ Primitive Atrium/ Sinus Venosus)?

• It moves to the left
• It forms the left ventricle

Answer 5

Primitive Ventricle

Question 6

What is Aorticopulmonary septum?

Answer 6

A septum is formed within the truncus arteriosus, dividing it into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 7

____ ridges and ____ ridges undergo a 180° rotation forming a _____.

Answer 7

Truncal ridges
Bulbar ridges
Spiral aorticopulmonary septum

Question 8

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus is a type of defect of ___, and patient with ___ syndrome is a risk factor of this defect.

Answer 8

Aorticopulmonary septum

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 9

What do Truncal ridges and Truncal ridges grow from?

Answer 9

• Truncal ridges grow from the upper part of the truncus arteriosus
• Truncal ridges grow from the lower part; the bulbus cordis

Question 10

What is Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?

Answer 10

a condition when the truncus arteriosus fails to properly divide into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

Question 11

What is Transposition of the Great Vessels?

Answer 11

Closed System or with a VSD- ventricular ventral defect.

TGV is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and/or inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta.

Question 12

Name the structures that is derived from different pairs of Aortic arches:

First pair

Second pair

Third pair

Fourth pair (L and R)

Fifth pair

** Sixth pair (L and R)

Answer 12

> First pair: Maxillary arteries

> Second pair: Hyoid & stapedial arteries

> Third pair:
Common carotids
- First part of internal carotids
- Externals sprout from these arches

> Fourth pair:
LEFT = Aorta & part of left subclavian
RIGHT = Part of right subclavian

> Fifth pair: No vascular derivatives

> *** Sixth pair:
LEFT = Left pulmonary artery & ductus arteriosus
RIGHT = Right pulmonary artery

Question 13

Aortic Arch Defects derive from defects of ___ Aortic arches, which develop on ___ week.

Answer 13

6th Aortic arches

4-5th week

Question 14

Which is the first septal grew down from the roof of the atrium towards the endocardial cushions leaving a hole named ____ ?

Answer 14

Septum primum

ostium primum

Question 15

During development, ostium ____ will diappear and during birth, ___ and ____ will close upon the first breath.

Answer 15

ostium primum

ostium secundum and foramen ovale

Question 16

Which is the second septal grew down almost concentrically, but does not form a complete partition, leave a gap called ___?

Answer 16

Septum secundum

foramen ovale

Question 17

Name the few types of atrial septal defects.

Answer 17

1) Excessive resorption of septum primum
2) Absence of septum secundum
3) Absence of septum primum and septum secundum

Question 18

_____ is the passage between the common atrium and ventricle

Answer 18

atrioventricular canal

Question 19

Explain Atrioventricular septum and atrioventricular canals formation .

Answer 19

• two endocardial cushions bud within the primitive heart and grow into the lumen, moving towards each other

As they fuse, they leave two atrioventricular orifices; - the left and right atrioventricular canals

Question 20

The partitioning of the atrioventricular canal, the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricle all occur during the ______ week of development.

Answer 20

4th and 5th week

Question 21

State the types of Atrioventricular Septal Defects, which is high prevalence to patients with ____ syndrome.

Answer 21

• Complete
• Partial
• Transitional

Down syndrome

Question 22

The ventricle expands and grows due to __, expanding towards the endocardial cushions forming ___.

Answer 22

cell proliferation

muscular interventricular septum

Question 23

____ and ____ is linked with DiGeorge syndrome.

Answer 23

Tetralogy of Fallot

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

Question 24

Name the type of ventricular Septal Defects.

Answer 24

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 25

Name the type of Tetralogy of Fallot.

Answer 25

- pulmonary stenosis - overriding aorta - interventricular septal defect - hypertrophy of right ventricle

Question 26

What is Ductus Arteriosus Defects/ Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Answer 26

abnormal blood flow occurs between two of the major arteries connected to the heart, and the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent).

Question 27

Give examples of Cyanotic Heart Defects.

Answer 27

``` Cyanotic: • Tetralogy of Fallot • Transposition of the great arteries. • Persistent truncus arteriosus • Tricuspid atresia • Interrupted aortic arch • Pulmonary atresia • Late stage PDA- Patent Ductus Arteriosus ```

Question 28

Give examples of Acyanotic Heart Defects.

Answer 28

``` Acyanotic • VSD • ASD • AVSD • PDA • Pulmonary stenosis • Aortic stenosis • Co-arctation of the aorta. ```

Question 29

Name the types of investigation can be done for diagnosing heart defects: prental and postnatal.

Answer 29

Pre-natal: • Genetic testing (eg: karyotyping) • USS ``` Post-natal: • Capillary blood gas • Blood tests • CXR • ECG • Echocardiogram (USS) • MRI ```