Developmental Perspective; Developmental Periods Flashcards
(23 cards)
the study of changes in motor BEHAVIOR across the LIFESPAN, the PROCESSES that underlie these CHANGES, and the FACTORS that influence them
motor development
Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:
Which of the above necessarily involves changes in motor behavior?
motor learning and motor development
motor control
Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:
Which one describes: the functioning of the neuromuscular system to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
motor learning
Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:
which one describes: the relatively permanent CHANGES in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
motor development
Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:
which one describes: the CHANGES in motor behavior over the lifespan and the process(es) which underlie these changes
Age related, NOT age determined
Age may play a role in slowing down the body, but does not directly contribute to an individual being able to do something
Ex; 100 y/o man being able to complete a 100 yard dash. He was the slowest one (due to age), but was still able to do it
motor milestone
the first appearance of a type of motor behavior
a QUALITATIVE change in motor behavior
this is also sequential and individual
ex; lifting head, chest up, rolls, sitting, crawling, standing, walking within 16 months
sequential in some respects
the development of sitting, pull to stand, cruising, and crawling is:
not at all sequential
sequential in some respects
strictly sequential
phylogenetic motor skills
motor skills that are typical for a species, such as humans
skills that emerge during typical development
ex; walking in humans
ontogenetic motor skills
motor skills that are characteristic of an individual
skills that do not necessarily emerge during typical development
ex; skating in humans
phylogenetic
what type of motor skill is hands and knees crawling?
reflexive period
what period starts at about the 3rd month of gestation (when movement begins in the womb)?
also: ends roughly 2 weeks after birth when other types of movement become more prominent
reflexive period
what period is characterized by a stereotypical response to a specific stimulus?
insures the survival of individual
spontaneous movements
movements that appear without any apparent external stimulus
pre-adapted period
what period: the genetic predisposition for individuals to develop phylogenetic motor skills
characteristics:
- predisposition for certain motor behaviors
- species-typical behaviors (phylogenetic)
- require very little specific environmental support
- biological constraints play a very important role
pre-adapted period
what period:
starts proximally at 2 weeks after birth and ends roughly at age 1 year with the attainment of:
- independent walking
- independent feeding
fundamental motor patterns period
what period: characterized as the development of motor behaviors that are believed to be fundamental or essential to later developing motor skills
building blocks: fundamental patterns of coordination
necessary for later context-specific skills
fundamental motor patterns period
what period:
generally phylogenetic skills: those that always emerge during typical development
requires experience
- more specific than pre-adapted skills
- not as specific as context-specific skills
ends roughly at age 7 years with emergence of more context-specific skills
fundamental motor patterns period
what period:
- locomotor patterns of coordination (walking–> running)
- projecting and intercepting objects (throwing a baseball, kicking a soccer ball, hitting a tennis ball)
- manipulating objects/tools (writing, eating, holding/interacting with something)
context-specific period
what period:
skills not typical for all humans ~ ontogenetic skills
acquisition of these skills is dependent on context-based knowledges and experiences
- promoted by family, friends, culture
- practices and instruction become important mediators
- coincides with changes in cognitive capabilities
both fine and gross motor skills
between ages 7-11 years `
skillful period
what period:
potential to perform some motor skills at a high level of skillfulness
- which skills vary greatly across individuals
- when skillfulness is achieved depends on skill and individual
compensation period
which period:
the least sequential of the periods
an individual enters this period due to either:
- injury
- aging
compensation period
which period:
characteristics~
- motor skill performance shows a compensation from previous level of skillfulness
- performance often not optimal but can still be skillful
- onset highly variable across individuals and skills
- may be temporarily in the case of injury
