developmental psych

Question 1

sensitive period eg. language

Answer 1

specific period in which an organism is more responsive to the external environment to learn specific things

Question 2

critical period eg. vision

Answer 2

narrow period where organism must experience particular stimuli for relevant learning to occur

Question 3

difference between sensitive and critical periods

Answer 3

sensitive periods occur gradually whereas critical periods have identifiable start and end times

learning associated with a sensitive period can still occur outside that period, whereas learning does not occur during a critical period

Question 4

attachment

Answer 4

an emotional bond between an infant and the main caregiver

Question 5

secure attachment

Answer 5

caregiver consistantly meets infants needs, shows some distress but returns as a safe base

Question 6

insecure avoidant attachment style

Answer 6

inconsistently meeting infants needs, fluctuating between clinging and rejecting caregiver

Question 7

insecure anxious/resistant attachment style

Answer 7

infant is unsure what they want from caregiver, caregiver not responding to infants needs

Question 8

adaptation

Answer 8

involves taking in, processing, organising and using new information in ways which enable us to adjust to changes in our environment

Question 9

assimilation

Answer 9

refers to fitting new information or experiences into an existing idea or schema

Question 10

accomodation

Answer 10

refers to the altering of existing ideas to form new ones as a result on new information/ experiences, it is the process of changing existing mental ideas to fit new ones

Question 11

sensorimotor stage (stage 1 piaget)

Answer 11

Age: 0-2
Construct understanding of world through senses
Goal-directed behaviour
Object permanence

Question 12

pre-operational stage (stage 2 piaget)

Answer 12

Age: 2-7
Understand objects and events through images and symbols
Decentred thought
Overcoming centration
Reversibility

Question 13

Centration

Answer 13

the act of focusing only on one feature or characteristic of an object to the exclusion of all others

Question 14

Egocentrism

Answer 14

the inability to understand the perspectives of others

Question 15

Animism

Answer 15

belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness or awareness

Question 16

Concrete operation stage (stage 3 piaget)

Answer 16

Age: 7-12
revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses: what is concrete or definite
Classification
Conservation

Question 17

Conservation (volume, mass, length, weight)

Answer 17

the understanding that an object does not change its essential properties when its shape or appearance changes

Question 18

Formal operational stage (stage 4 piaget)

Answer 18

Age: 12+
Understand complex ideas and hypothetical situations
Logical thinking
Abstract thinking

Question 19

Psychosocial development

Answer 19

refers to the psychological processes that take place (psycho) and the experiences of individuals during their lifetime (social) shaping their personality

Question 20

Erikson Stage 1

Answer 20

trust v mistrust (0 -18 months)

important event: feeding and relationship with caregiver

Question 21

Erikson Stage 2

Answer 21

Autonomy v shame (18 months - 3 years)

important event: toilet training , develop shame if caregiver is overprotective

Question 22

Erikson Stage 3

Answer 22

Initiative v guilt (3-5)

Exploration discovery and adventure through play

Question 23

Erikson Stage 4

Answer 23

Industry v inferiority (5-12)
children cope with academic demands and new skills of industry which makes them feel worthwhile, childs work is messy they may feel inadequate

Question 24

Erikson Stage 5 adolescent

Answer 24

identity v role confusion (12-18) build steady identity those who do not may develop uncertainty about who they are and where they’re going

Question 25

Erikson Stage 6

Answer 25

intimacy v isolation (18-25) | stable identity = can share meaningful love and deep friendships

Question 26

Erikson Stage 7

Answer 26

generativity vs stagnation | (25-65) contributing to society and giving back vs feeling lack of growth and failure

Question 27

Erikson Stage 8

Answer 27

integrity v despair (65+) | reflection and acceptance

Question 28

Typical behaviour

Answer 28

person acts as they usually (typically) do

Question 29

Atypical behaviour

Answer 29

when a person acts in ways that are unusual (atypical) for them

Question 30

Atypical development

Answer 30

is development that is not typical — it noticeably differs in a significant way from what is usual or appropriate

Question 31

Adaptive behaviour

Answer 31

actions that enables the individual to satisfactorily carry out their everyday life tasks eg. productive at school/work.

Question 32

Maladaptive behaviour

Answer 32

actions that impair a person’s ability to satisfactorily carry out everyday tasks and cope with demands of life

Question 33

Mental health

Answer 33

state of wellbeing in which an individual realises their abilities, can cope with normal stressors of life, work productively and is able to contribute to their community

Question 34

Mental health problem

Answer 34

occurs as a result of a life stressor, is usually less severe and shorter duration than a mental disorder

Question 35

Mental disorder

Answer 35

a combination of thoughts, feelings and or behaviours that impair the ability to function effectively in everyday life

Question 36

biopsychosocial thing

Answer 36

A holistic approach to describe how biological, psychological and social factors interact and combine to influence an individual's physical and mental health and illness

Question 37

internal factors

Answer 37

factors which arise from within the individual

Question 38

external factors

Answer 38

factors which arise from the environment

Question 39

Risk/contributing factor

Answer 39

increases the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop strong family history of mental illness (internal), poverty with no resources, socially isolated (external)

Question 40

Protective factors

Answer 40

enhances and safeguards mental health and reduces the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop or reoccur no family history of mental illness, no genetic inheritance (internal) strong social support network (external)

Question 41

Psychosis

Answer 41

a mental state in which an individual experiences loss of contact with reality

Question 42

Positive symptoms

Answer 42

experiences or behaviours that occur in addition to the person’s usual functioning (an add on) e.g., delusions

Question 43

Negative symptoms

Answer 43

removal of usual normal reactions (taking away of something) e.g., loss of motivation

Question 44

Disorganised symptoms

Answer 44

include disorganised speech and behaviours