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Developmental Psych Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome in males; XXY; sterile; often mental retardation

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2
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

females w/ 1 X chromosome; physical abnormalities

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3
Q

PKU (phenyletonuria)

A

degenerative disease of nervous system; lack enzyme needed to digest amino acid found in milk

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4
Q

down’s syndrome

A

extra 21st chromosome

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5
Q

where does conception happen?

A

in the fallopian tubes

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6
Q

what combines to form zygote?

A

gametes

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7
Q

zygote

A

single cell formed after sperm cell fertilizes egg

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8
Q

germinal period

A

fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube & is implanted into uterine wall

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9
Q

embryonic period

A

8 weeks later; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent

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10
Q

fetal period

A

3rd month; measurable electrical activity in brain

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11
Q

external threats to prenatal development

A

if mother gets rubella, viral infection, drugs, x-rays, smoking, malnutrition

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12
Q

rooting reflex

A

turn heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheak

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13
Q

moro reflex

A

react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out arms, extending fingers, bringing arms back to body, then hugging themselves

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14
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes spread apart when soles of feet are stimulated

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15
Q

grasping

A

close fingers around objects placed in hands

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16
Q

schema

A

behavioral action tendencies; repeated experiences

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17
Q

assimilation

A

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

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18
Q

accommodation

A

new information doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; modifying existing schemata to adapt to new info

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19
Q

what are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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20
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth –> 2

  • object permanence
  • infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement
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21
Q

preoperational stage

A

2 –> 7

  • not mastered conversation
  • centration
  • egocentrism
  • conservation
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22
Q

centration

A

tendency to be able to focus on 1 aspect of phenomenon

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23
Q

egocentrism

A

can’t take perspectives of other people

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24
Q

conservation

A

notion that physical properties of matter don’t change b/c appearance of matter changes (ex: beakers)

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25
concrete operational stage
7 --> 11 - have conservation - difficulty w/ abstract thought
26
formal operational
can "think like a scientist"
27
phonology
sound stem of language; children learn to produce & recognize sounds
28
categorical perception
ability to distinguish between differences in sound that don't denote differences in meaning
29
semantics
learning word meanings
30
syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
31
pragmatics
efficient use of language
32
babbling
spontaneous babbling during first year
33
errors of growth
overregulation; grammatical errors increase
34
when do kids start combining words?
18-20 months
35
Genie
isolated from human contact from age 2 to 13 - mastered some syntax - language has a "sensitive period"
36
transformational grammar
changes in word order that differ with meaning | - they learn this at an early age; it must be innate
37
Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development
1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital
38
oral stage
libidinal energy centered on mouth
39
anal stage
toilet training; excessive orderliness or messiness
40
phallic stage
oedipal conflict resolved here
41
latency stage
libido sublimated
42
genital stage
puberty & onwards; | person enters into normal heterosexual relations if previous stage resolved
43
oedipal conflict
male child envies father. wishes to eliminate father & possess mother, but feels guilty about his wishes
44
Erik Erikson's theory
development is a sequence of central life crises
45
trust versus mistrust
child trusts environment / child suspicious of world
46
autonomy versus shame and doubt
feeling of will / sense of doubt & lack of control
47
initiative versus guilt
purpose, ability to initiate activities / child overcome by year of punishment
48
industry versus inferiority
child feels competent / sense of inadequacy
49
identity versus role confusion
fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique / identity confusion
50
intimacy versus isolation
ability to have intimate relationships / avoidance of commitment
51
generativity versus stagnation
productive / sense of stagnation, self-indulgent
52
integrity versus despair
wisdom, detached concern in life itself, ready for death / bitterness about life, fear over impending death
53
3 child research methods
1. parental reports 2. observations in naturalistic setting 3. observations in lab
54
Wolff's 3 types of crying
1. basic (hunger) 2. angry (frustration) 3. pain
55
social smiling
smiling associated w/ facelike patterns
56
fear response
follows developmental trajectory - change in stimulation --> separation anxiety --> sudden absence of mother
57
Harry Harlow's finding
contact comfort more essential in bond formation than providing for physical needs
58
"strange situation procedure"
Mary Ainsworth: mom & infant enter room w/ toys, mom & stranger go in and out
59
3 types of basic infant attachment behavior
1. insecure / avoidant attachment (Type A) 2. secure attachment (Type B) 3. insecure / resistant attachment (Type C)
60
insecure / avoidant attachment
not distressed when left w/ stranger; avoids contact with mom when she comes back
61
secure attachment
mildly distressed when separated from mom; greet her positively when she returns
62
insecure/resistant attachment
distressed during separation & inclined to resist physical contact w/ mom upon her return
63
imprinting
rapid formation of attachment bond
64
Lawrence Kolberg's 3 stages of morality
1. preconventional morality 2. conventional phase of morality 3. postconventional morality
65
preconventional morality
right & wrong defined by hedonistic consequences of given action; "I'll scratch your back, you scratch mine"
66
conventional morality
based on social rules; morality defined by rules of authority; looking for approval of others
67
postconventional morality
moral rules seen as convention designed to ensure the greater good
68
the Heinz Dilemma
is it cool to steal a drug that would save your wife's life from drug-maker who is over-pricing it if you don't have enough money to pay
69
Heinz Dilemma kid reactions
stage 2: not nice to steal | stage 3: not nice to let your wife die
70
Carol Gilligan
males & females adopt different perspectives on moral issues; Kholberg's research was only done on males
71
Kohlberg's Gender Stages
1. gender labeling 2. gender stability 3. gender consistency
72
gender labeling
achieve gender identity (2-3 yrs) | - realize they're a boy or girl & can label
73
gender stability
can predict they will still be boy or girl when grow up (3-4 yrs)
74
gender consistency
children understand permanency of gender, regardless of what they wear or how they behave (4-7 yrs)
75
gender schematic processing theory
as soon as children are able to label themselves, they begin concentrating on those behaviors that seem associated w/ their gender & paying less attention to those they believe are associated w/ the opposite gender
76
Baumrind's parenting styles
1. authoritarian 2. authoritative 3. permissive
77
authoritarian parenting style
tend to use punitive control methods & lack emotional wrath
78
authoritative
high demands for child compliance (score low on punitive control methods)
79
permissive
score low on control / demand measures
80
longitudinal study
same group over time
81
cross-sectional study
3 groups at once
82
sequential cohort
3 groups over time
83
gene
basic unit of heredity
84
allele
alternative form of gene controlling each trait
85
each gene has ____ alleles
2
86
genotype
genetic makeup
87
phenotype
total collection of expressed traits
88
chromosomes
where genes are located
89
nucleus of each cell has ____ pairs of chromosomes
23
90
gametes are _____ cells
haploid
91
nucleus of our cells are _____
diploid
92
monozygotic
twins share 100% of genes
93
dizygotic
share 50% of genes

Psych GRE (8 decks)

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