Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Which developmental theme does the “mature pincer grap” and “mathematical reasoning” belong to?

Answer 1

Discontinuous development

Question 2

What is described by the “Classical conditioning theory”.

Answer 2

A conditional stimulus evokes a response.
With associated learning

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Reinforcement (Reward and Punishment)

Question 4

Measuring Heart beat and stress hormones is part of which measuring methodology?

Answer 4

Psychobiological methods.

Question 5

Social learning

Answer 5

Modelling & Imitation behaviour (Learning by watching the behaviour of others).

Question 6

What are the four designs for developmental research?

Answer 6

1. Natural observation
2. Experimental method
3. Natural experiment
4. Developmental experiments

Question 7

Is natural observation hard to interpret?

Answer 7

Yes.

Question 8

The researcher mistakenly allows another variable to change along with the manipulated independent variable.

Answer 8

Procedural confounding factor

Question 9

A measure designed to assess a particular construct inadvertently measures something else as well

Answer 9

Operational confounding factor

Question 10

Children of different ages are tested at one moment in time. Which study design?

Answer 10

Cross-sectional design

Question 11

The same set of children is tested repeatedly over a specific period. Which study design?

Answer 11

Longitudinal design

Question 12

Children of different ages are tested at 2-3 different moments in time. Which study design?

Answer 12

Time-lag design.

Question 13

Scenario: Loss of a loved one. Normative or non-normative confounding factor?

Answer 13

Non-normative confounding factor

Question 14

Is the cohort effect a disadvantage of cross-sectional study design?

Answer 14

Yes. But also for time-lag study design

Question 15

Which reflexes does a newborn have?

Answer 15

1. Eye blinking
2. Withdrawal
3. Swimming
4. Suckling
5. Rooting

Question 16

What are the stages in reaching and grabbing?

Answer 16

1. Palm reflex/ Ulnar grasp
2. Pre-reaching - from 2 months
3. Reaching - from 3 months
4. Radial Palmer grasp - from 6/7 months
5. Pincer grasp (when bilateral coordination)

Question 17

Can you distinguish between the palmer and the pincer grasp?

Answer 17

1. Palmer grasp (reflex)
2. Radial Palmer grasp - 6/7 months
3. Inferior pincer grasp - 9 months
4. Pincer grasp - 12 months

Question 18

When does “Experience-dependent synaptic pruning” reaches its peak?

Answer 18

Play behaviour.

Question 19

What are the three steps in intermodal perception (sensory integration)

Answer 19

Birth: Uses senses independent of modality
3-4 months: Preference for items that fit together
5-6 months: Coordination between seeing & touching

Question 20

How can odor preferences be influenced?

Answer 20

Can be determined by what mother eats.

Question 21

What are the three sources of information to keep balance?

Answer 21

1. Optical flow
2. Proprioception
3. Vestibular

Question 22

What sounds do babies prefer?

Answer 22

Complex sounds over pure tones.

Question 23

What are the three steps of auditory processing development?

Answer 23

0-7 months: Sensitive for musical phrasing
6-8. months: Filters out languages; Recognises common words from mothers tongue
8-9 months: Discovers syllabus co-occurring in the same word

Question 24

What are the three steps of vision development?

Answer 24

1. 2 months: Focus & colour vision
2. 2-6 months: Search & follow
3. 6-7 months: Seeing depth

Question 25

What are the four patterns in face recognition?

Answer 25

1. 3 weeks: Insensitive for contrast, preference for large simple patterns 2. 2 months: Search for hallmarks in specific patterns & increased contrast 3. 4 months: Recognition of patterns without clear borders 4. 12 months: Recognition of items even when parts are missing

Question 26

What does the "differentiation theory" of visual perception state?

Answer 26

Babies... ... look for invariable items ... note stabile relations between items ... slowly start to differentiate between items

Question 27

What is understood by the term "preferential looking" (A) and what is it used for (B) ?

Answer 27

A. Novelty preference & familiarity preference B. Habituation to examine memory

Question 28

Do babies prefer to look at units?

Answer 28

Yes, after 4 months.

Question 29

Is there a connection between preferential looking and self-awareness?

Answer 29

At 3 months preference for odd situation

Question 30

Explain the steps of depth recognition development.

Answer 30

1. When starting to crawl, sense for depth 2. 2-4 months: Binocular view, reaching & grabbing 3. 5-8 months: Eye-body coordination 4. 9-12 months: When standing increased awareness of depth

Question 31

Some fears can be acquired, give examples!

Answer 31

3 years: Strangers 4 years: Recognise themselves vs. parents leads to fear of separation 5 years: Use of logic and understanding leads to less fear in general