Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Erik Erikson

Answer 1

Trust vs Mistrust - baby -1 yr
Autonomy vs Shame + doubt 1-3
initiave vs guilat 3-6yrs
industry vs inferiority - elementary school
Identity vs role confusion 12 - 20
Intimacy vs Isolation 10-40
Generativity vs Stagnation - middle adulthood
Integrity vs Despair - 60 +

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

when an individual experiences new information and puts that info into an existing schema

Question 3

Accommodation

Answer 3

-Adding new info to a schema but does alter it.

Question 3

Schema

Answer 3

mental framework -organize + understand information about the world

Question 4

Sociocultural theory

Answer 4

-children develop skills + knowledge by interacting with people around them

Question 5

Zone of proximal development

Answer 5

the range of tasks that a leaner can perform with guidance a support from a more knowledgeable person

Question 6

Scaffold

Answer 6

temp framework that supports learner to develop a higher levels of thinking

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

substances that can cause birth defects or developmental problems in developing

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

from mom drinking heavily-child has small deformed call + intellectual disabilities

Question 9

Developmental Psychology

Answer 9

studies the physical, cognitive + social development across the lifespan

Question 10

Habituation

Answer 10

-↓ response with on increase or repitition of stimululation.

Question 11

Reflex

Answer 11

specific, inborn, responses to specific stimuli.

Question 12

Rooting Reflex

Answer 12

Baby touched near mouth, they turn in that direction with their mouth open

Question 13

Sucking Reflex

Answer 13

put something in babies mouth, they suck it

Question 14

Grasping reflex

Answer 14

put something in a babies palm/foot pad, and the will crasp it we fingers or does

Question 15

Mora/scared reflex

Answer 15

fling limbs out then quickly retract

Question 16

Gross motor skills

Answer 16

Gross motor skills -large movements (walking), allow them to navsate their environment

Question 17

Fine motor skills

Answer 17

Fine motor skills -small movements -critical for feeding, planing, drawing

Question 18

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 18

Baby - 1yr
parents must provide a safe consistent and loving environment.
Pos result: trust ppl
Neg result: has trust issues

Question 19

Autonomy vs Shame

Answer 19

1-3 yrs toddlers learn to do things themselves or doubt their abilities.
parents should encourage them
pos - autonomy in life
neg- doubt abilities

Question 20

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 20

preschool
learning to make plans + carry out tasks through imagination, play and choices.
pos = child plays, initiative and drive
neg = criticised for asking questions, guilt when asking or making decisions.

Question 21

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement for a pos activity
pos - competence/industry with a good self concept
neg - inferior feeling + an unhealthy self concept

Question 22

Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 22

finding yourself, a consistent identity, exploring new beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives that differ to your parents.
pos - know who they are
neg - don’t know where their future leads and don’t know who they are

Question 23

Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 23

10-40
Deeply caring about others, sharing meaningful exp. It is a developmental task in adulthood.
pos - capacity for intimate love
neg - struggle to form intimate relationships - isolation

Question 24

Generavity vs Stagnation

Answer 24

middle adulthood adults need to express care for future generations and their own contributions for the world - guiding + mentoring others, helping them. pos- generavity - doing acts that help people neg - stagnate = pre occupied with their own needs and comfort - did not help people.

Question 24

Integrity vs Despair

Answer 24

late adulthood - 60+ Do you look back on your life and feel satisfied. pos - feeling of satisfaction - wholeness neg - despair feeling - looking back with disappointment and regret.

Question 24

Kholberg theory of moral development

Answer 24

Pre-conventional morality - b4 9yrs old - Stage 1, doing the right thing only to avoid punishment - Stage 2, doing the right thing only to further self interests (pre operational stage) Conventional morality - early teens - Stage 3, do good to live up to expectations. - Stage 4, law + order, doing their duty to follow.(concrete operational stage) Post-conventional morality - adolescence and beyong - Stage 5, shows understanding of social constructs that increase social welfare - Stage 6, ethical principles that promote justice. (formal operational stage)

Question 25

Sensory Motor Stage

Answer 25

Age 2 - experience and explain the world only though sensory and motor activities. develops object permanence - realising things exist even when you can't see it.

Question 26

Pre-operational Stage

Answer 26

Starts to use symbols and language to represent the world's objects - has to concrete knowledge yet. struggles with: conservation, ego centrism(can't see from other pov), theory of mind, reversibility(actions can be reversed)

Question 27

Theory of Mind

Answer 27

Peoples ideas about thier own and others' mental states, their feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.

Question 28

Concrete Operational stage

Answer 28

Piaget - 8-12 start to understand conversation and think logically

Question 29

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 29

Piaget - 12+ till adulthood developed ability to understand abstract logic, and test hypotheses- can answer hypothetical questions.

Question 30

Pretend play + Animism

Answer 30

Pretend Play - The Child uses imagination to play with objects Animism - a child gives human-like qualities to non-living things

Question 31

menarche

Answer 31

first time women menstruate

Question 32

What is spermache?

Answer 32

First time males ejaculate

Question 33

What are primary sex characteristics?

Answer 33

Characteristics directly related to the reproductive system and ability to reproduce

Question 34

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 34

Characteristics or traits that are indirectly related to reproduction, such as men having broader shoulders

Question 35

What is the definition of sex?

Answer 35

Biological differences between males and females

Question 36

How is gender defined?

Answer 36

Social, physical, and behavioral traits that society thinks of as normal for men and women

Question 37

What does Gender Schema Theory explain?

Answer 37

Ability for children to create mental categories for masculinity and femininity

Question 38

What is socialization?

Answer 38

Process of learning what values, standards, and attitudes are appropriate, influencing understanding of acceptable behavior for each gender

Question 39

What is the first stage of language development?

Answer 39

cooing stage - infant makes soft repetitive vowel sounds

Question 40

What is the babbling stage in language development?

Answer 40

Infant starts combining consonants + vowels ## Footnote This stage marks the beginning of vocal experimentation.

Question 41

What is the one word stage and its age range?

Answer 41

12-18 months - say one word that represents an entire idea ## Footnote This is often characterized by the use of holophrases.

Question 42

Define holophrases.

Answer 42

When words refer to different objects, people, or individual needs ## Footnote Holophrases are significant in early language acquisition.

Question 43

What occurs during the two word stage?

Answer 43

Child begins to connect 2-3 word phrases together ## Footnote This stage is also known as telegraphic speech.

Question 44

What is overgeneralization in language learning?

Answer 44

An individual who is learning a new language applies grammar rules too broadly ## Footnote This can lead to errors in language use.

Question 45

What is the social learning theory?

Answer 45

We learn social behavior through observing + imitating, and through rewards and punishment ## Footnote This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning.