Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(67 cards)
what was Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) experiment
a longitudinal study of 60 babies in Glasgow, for a year. they showed that babies grow attachments to those who respond quicker, give them attention quicker and give them contact
what was Pavlov’s experiment
bell rang simultaneously with giving dog some food, eventually when bell is rang the dog salivates expecting food
Who is learning theory associated with
behaviourists
what is attachment
a close emotional relationship between infants and their care givers
It is a two way process which it characterised by clinging, proximity-seeking and protection
what two types of conditioning are there
classical and operant
what is learning theory
the theory that out behaviour is learned, babies are born as blank states and everything they become can be explained in terms of experiences they have.
According to learning theory we work on a principle of stimulus and response: e.g. food=pleasure therefore the person feeding is associated with pleasure which creates an attachment
All behaviour is learnt through either operant or classical conditioning
which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning
Pavlov
what is useful about classical conditioning theory
real life applications
practical value- opportunity and change human behaviour
what are the limitations of classical conditioning
reductionist- reduces humans to stimuli and response
overemphasises environmental determinism
what is classical conditioning
learning associations between different things in our environment, getting food naturally gives a baby pleasure, the baby’s desire is fulfilled whenever it is held by the caregiver so association is formed which causes an attachment
which psychologists are associated with operant conditioning
Dollard and Miller
what is operant conditioning
Learning occurs when we are rewarded for something as the action results in a pleasant consequence.
hungry babies are in discomfort and therefore have a drive to relieve this discomfort, the mother relieves this discomfort with food. The food become the primary reinforcer and the feeder the secondary.
therefore the mother is associated with food- this is called negative reinforcement
What did Konrad Lorenz (1952) discover
that geese imprint to the first moving thing they see, he calls this time the critical period
who proved learning theory to be incorrect
harry Harlow
what approach did Lorenz have
ethological
what approach did Bowlby have
evolutionary, we attach to survive
who did Bowlby influenced by
Lorenz
what did Bowlby’s theory suggest
that children are biologically pre-programmed, innate need to attach to survive
what does Bowlby suggest this one bond provide (2)
a safe base, giving the child confidence
a template for all future relationships
what is Bowlby’s idea of a critical period
mothering is useless if delayed until after 2-3 years, if this period is missed then it will cause irreversible long-term damage
what did Bowlby say would happen if the critical period was missed
it would cause irreversible, long-term damage
what is monotropy
an innate need to attach- child can form several attachments but only one main attachment
what does Bowlby suggest the primary attachment form
the foundation of self-esteem, and provides a working model for future relationships
what does Bowlby suggest the working model becomes
an internal working model (what to expect and how to behave in relationship)
