Developmental Psychology

Question 1

What are the four behaviours proposed by Maccoby for determining whether two individuals have an attachment?

Answer 1

1. Seeking proximity.
2. Distress on separation.
3. Joy on reunion.
4. General orientation.

Question 2

Which researcher studied imprinting in geese?

Answer 2

Lorenz.

Question 3

Which study investigated the importance of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies?

Answer 3

Klaus and Kennell.

Question 4

Which study investigated the gradual development of attachments?

Answer 4

Schaffer and Emerson.

Question 5

What are the two main forms of conditioning?

Answer 5

1. Operant.

2. Classical.

Question 6

How does operant conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?

Answer 6

Negative and positive reinforcement causes child and mother to form attachment behaviours.

Question 7

How does classical conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?

Answer 7

Association of mother with milk causes child to form attachment behaviour to mother.

Question 8

Which three studies contradict the learning theory of attachment?

Answer 8

1. Schaffer and Emerson.
2. Harlow and Harlow.
3. Harlow and Zimmerman.

Question 9

Which researcher proposed the evolutionary theory of attachment?

Answer 9

Bowlby.

Question 10

What does ‘innate’ mean?

Answer 10

That the behaviour is instinctive.

Question 11

What does ‘monotropy’ refer to?

Answer 11

The idea that a child may form multiple attachments, but one will always be the most important.

Question 12

What is an ‘internal working model’?

Answer 12

A template for the child’s future relationships, based on their relationship with their primary caregiver.

Question 13

How long is the ‘sensitive period’?

Answer 13

Approximately three years.

Question 14

What does the evolutionary theory state will happen if a child does not form an attachment within the first three years of their life?

Answer 14

The child will become troubled.

Question 15

Which researchers, using their ‘love quiz’, provide support for the continuity hypothesis?

Answer 15

Hazan and Shaver.

Question 16

Which researchers contradict the idea of monotropy?

Answer 16

Schaffer and Emerson.

Question 17

Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment?

Answer 17

Ainsworth.

Question 18

What are the three types of attachments?

Answer 18

1. Secure.
2. Insecure avoidant.
3. Insecure resistant.

Question 19

How were types A, B, and C divided?

Answer 19

A: 15%
B: 70%
C: 15%

Question 20

Which researchers carried out a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation experiment?

Answer 20

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg.

Question 21

Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Japan?

Answer 21

Takahashi.

Question 22

Which researchers carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Germany?

Answer 22

Großmann and Großmann.

Question 23

Which researchers investigated the effects of separation, thereby forming the PDD model?

Answer 23

Robertson and Robertson.

Question 24

What does PDD stand for?

Answer 24

Protest.
Despair.
Detachment.

Question 25

What are three behaviours associated with separation anxiety?

Answer 25

1. Extreme clinginess. 2. Detachment. 3. Demanding behaviour.

Question 26

What five factors affect a child's response to separation?

Answer 26

1. Age. 2. Type of attachment. 3. Sex of child. 4. Who child is left with. 5. Previous separation experience.

Question 27

What is privation?

Answer 27

The lack of attachment at all in early childhood.

Question 28

What are two types of privation?

Answer 28

1. Institutionalisation. | 2. Isolation.

Question 29

Which researcher investigated privation in a pair of Czech twins?

Answer 29

Koluchova.

Question 30

Which researcher investigated privation in Genie?

Answer 30

Curtiss.

Question 31

Which researchers investigated the effects of institutionalisation in children brought up in social care?

Answer 31

Tizard and Hodges.

Question 32

Which researcher is investigating the effect of institutionalisation on Romanian orphans?

Answer 32

Rutter.

Question 33

Which researcher stated that children need to form attachments to staff in social care homes?

Answer 33

Dontas.

Question 34

Which researchers stated that positive experiences following institutionalisation are important for later parenting experience?

Answer 34

Quinton and Rutter.

Question 35

What are the two main options for daycare?

Answer 35

1. Nursery-based. | 2. Family-based.

Question 36

Which research study in Sweden investigated the effects of different types of daycare in the long-term?

Answer 36

Campbell, Lamb and Hwang.

Question 37

What are three studies suggesting positive effects of daycare?

Answer 37

1. Andersson. 2. Schindler. 3. Clarke-Stewart.

Question 38

What are three studies suggesting negative effects of daycare?

Answer 38

1. Field. 2. DiLalla. 3. Belsky.

Question 39

Which research study in London investigated the different types of daycare?

Answer 39

Melhuish.

Question 40

What are five characteristics of good quality daycare?

Answer 40

1. Low adult:child ratio. 2. Small-sized group. 3. Mixed-age group. 4. Well-trained staff. 5. Low staff turnover.