Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
9 month old infants can recognise a stimulus successfully after a delay of between _____ seconds
A
90 - 160
2
Q
One result of a child’s new ability to form mental representations of the actions he or she has seen others perform is…
A
Deferred imitation
3
Q
Piaget studied cognitive development mainly by….
A
Observing children as they solved problems
4
Q
Through accommodation, infants….
A
Modify existing schemata to fit new information
5
Q
A young child may pretend to be an aeroplane by holding his arms out to either side of his body and parallel to the ground and making ‘jet engine’ sounds with his mouth while running. These uses of the body to represent an aeroplane are called….
A
Signifiers
6
Q
Clare pours the same amount of apple juice into two glasses. Katherine and Chloe both want the taller glass because they think it contains more juice. Apparently, Chloe and Katherine are still in the ______ stage of cognitive development
A
Early pre-operational
7
Q
Hazel is four years old. She believes that other people see the world in the same way that she does. This characteristic of Hazel’s thinking is known as…
A
Egocentrism
8
Q
The process whereby two people begin with a different understanding and by mutual discussion reach a common understanding has been called (by Newson and Newson, 1975) what?
A
Intersubjectivity
9
Q
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been criticised on the grounds that it….
A
- Underestimates the child’s capacity for conservation
- Underestimates the child’s capacity for seeing the world from another’s point of view
- Lacks clear operational definitions of important terms
10
Q
Which psychologist introduced the term ‘symbolic play’ to describe children’s use of objects to symbolise other objects or activities?
A
Jean Piaget
11
Q
If an object is completely hidden from view after a 12-16 month old infant has observed it, the infant will…
A
Search for the object in the last place that he or she saw it hidden
12
Q
Ageing appears to have less of an effect on _____ than on _____
A
Endurance; strength
13
Q
What has been shown to lead to better coping with chronic illness in old age?
A
- Having a partner
- Having social support
- Having high self-esteem
14
Q
If brain damage occurs between infancy and ______, the function undertaken by the region can recover speedily as long as adequate ________ and _______ from family and friends is present
A
6 or 7 years old; rehabilitation; support
15
Q
At what age had the Romanian orphans caught up with their English counterparts in Rutter’s study?
A
4 years old
16
Q
What is the rooting response?
A
Turning of a baby’s head when the cheek is lightly touched
17
Q
What is the sucking response?
A
When something touches the baby’s lips, it will begin sucking
18
Q
What is the swallowing response?
A
When liquid enters the baby’s mouth it will swallow
19
Q
At what age do infants start to inspect the internal details of a stimulus?
A
2 months
20
Q
What is the externality effect?
A
Before 2 months old, infants are more concerned with the contours of visual stimuli and rarely attend to internal features
21
Q
What is the sensory hypothesis?
A
The infant compares stimuli for contrast and then if, if the stimuli are similar, they analyse the structure
22
Q
What is the structural hypothesis?
A
Infants show a preference for face like structures as they have a specific device that contains information about the structural features of people’s faces
23
Q
What is the name of the device which allows children to orient towards face-like stimuli
A
Conspec
24
Q
What is strabismus?
A
Cross-eyedness
25
What emotion did the visual cliff experiment elicit?
Fear of falling
26
Children as young as _____ are able to form memories of specific events they experience
13 months
27
Why can we not remember things from before we were 4 years old?
Because our verbal ability and memory system are not yet sufficiently functional and so it is difficult to transfer things into our long-term memory
28
What is the loss of memory in infancy called?
Infantile amnesia
29
9 month old infants can recognise a stimulus after a delay of between _____ and ______ seconds
90; 160
30
A 6 month old infant can discriminate between a novel and a familiar stimulus after a delay of ______, but a 3 month old infant can only discriminate after a delay of _____
2 weeks; 3 days
31
At 20 months a child can remember ____ actions, at 24 months they can remember _____ and at 30 months they can remember up to ______
3; 5; 8
32
At what age do infants show awareness of changes in their environment?
3 months
33
At what age are infants able to remember the temporal order of stimuli?
6 months
34
At what age are infants able to recognise words spoken in a story that they heard a while before?
8 months
35
What factors account for improved memory with age?
- The formation of memory-related structures
- The development of language
- The development of metamemory (realisation that using memory strategies will help the child think and behave)
36
What is a schema?
Mental representations or rules that define a particular category of behaviour - how the behaviour is executed and under what conditions
37
What is a concept?
Rules that describe properties of environmental events and their relation to other concepts
38
What is assimilation?
The process by which new information is modified to fit existing schemata
39
What is accommodation?
The process by which old schemata are modified to fit with new information
40
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
- The sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
41
Sensorimotor period
- Age 0-2 years
- Form object permanence by the 2nd half of the first year
- Near the end of the period they develop deferred imitation (imitate actions they have seen others do)
- Have rudimentary symbolic thinking
42
Pre-operational period
- Age 2-7 years
- Increased ability to think symbolically and logically
- Egocentric
- Cannot yet master conservation problems
43
What is a signifier?
A representation such as making a galloping move to show a horse
44
What is a sign?
Social conventions understood by all members of a culture
45
Concrete operational period
- Age 7-11
- Child can master conservation problems
- Child can understand categorisation
- Cannot think abstractly
46
Formal operation period
- Age 11+
| - Child can think abstractly and hypothetically
47
Evaluation of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- He doesn't always define his terms operationally, it is difficult for others to interpret the significance of his generalisations
- Many of his studies lack proper controls
- There are not many abilities which are present in one stage and completely absent in another
48
What was Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Children do not learn to think about the physical world in a vacuum, the cultural context in which they grow up in matters
49
What is the zone of proximal development?
A range of tasks or skills that a child is unable to master alone but can with the assistant of adults or their peers
50
Case's M-space model
- M-space is a hypothetical construct whose chief function is to process information from the external world
- Expansion of m-space allows the child to process more complex material
51
How is M-space expanded?
- Maturation of the brain
- Practice
- Schemata become integrated
52
Fischer's skill model
- As the brain matures, the child advances through stages which parallel those in Piaget's theory
- During each stage the child's capacity to process information increases, as does the level of skill required for the mastery of the tasks
- The child encounters new problems and acquires new skills which they can practice and perfect to cause integration of the skills
53
What are the most important behaviours infants exhibit to control the behaviour of their caregiver?
- Sucking
- Cuddling
- Looking
- Smiling
- Crying
54
What is stranger anxiety?
Wariness and sometimes fearful responses, such as crying and clinging to their carer, that infants exhibit in the presence of a stranger - usually happens age 6-12 months
55
What is separation anxiety?
A set of fearful responses that an infant exhibits when their carer attempts to leave them
56
Secure attachment
The ideal attachment, infants show distinct preference for their mother over the stranger, infants may cry when mother leaves but stop as soon as they return
57
Insecure resistant attachment
Show tension in their relations with their carer, infants stay close to mother before the mother leaves but show both approach and avoidance behaviour when the mother returns, continue to cry even when mother is back and may push her away
58
Insecure avoidant attachment
Generally do not cry when left in the room, likely to avoid or ignore the mother when she returns, infants tend not to cling or cuddle when picked up
59
What is autism characterised by?
- Social abnormality
- Language abnormality
- Stereotypical and repetitive patterns of behaviour
60
What is Asperger's syndrome?
A milder form of autism reflected in poor social functioning and interpersonal communication; individuals usually have an obsessional and narrow range of interests
61
What makes Asperger's different to autism?
Asperger's patients perform better on verbal verbal tasks and more poorly on the spatial reasoning tasks than autism patients
62
Symptoms of ADHD
- Poor sustained attention
- Impulsiveness
- Hyperactivity
63
What are the types of ADHD?
- Inattentive
- Hyperactive/Impulsive
- Co-morbid
64
The left frontal region is said to be more responsive to ____ emotion, and the right frontal region is said to be more responsive to ______ emotion
Positive; negative
65
What is a disorder of emotional regulation?
Problems that the child has in operating at an emotionally normal level, behavioural problems which impair the ability to undertake day-to-day activities
66
What are sex roles?
Cultural expectations about the ways in which men and women should think and behave
67
What are sex stereotypes?
Beliefs about differences in the behaviours, abilities and personality traits of males and females
68
What are the stages of Kohlberg's theory of sexual identity?
- Gender labelling
- Gender stability
- Gender consistency
69
Gender labelling
- Age 2-3 1/2 years
- Child learns that they are one sex
- Labels that other people apply to them are learned and attached to others of the same sex/objects associated with a sex
70
Gender stability
- Age 3 1/2 - 4 1/2
- Children learn that their sex is constant and it can be distinguished by physical features
- Characterised by an increase in awareness in others' physical features
71
Gender consistency
- Ages 4 1/2 +
- Learn that physical appearance does not affect someones sexual identity (if a girl dresses as a boy they are not now a boy)
72
What is gender schema theory?
Children construct a schema of male and female and pay especial attention to features of their own sex, children's perception of sex is matched with information about others' sex that the child has already processed and understood
73
The word morality comes from a Latin word that means _____
Custom
74
What are the stages of Piaget's theory of moral development?
- Pre-moral stage
- Moral realism stage
- Moral relativism stage
75
Pre-moral stage
- Age 0-5 years
| - Child shows little understanding of rules or principles
76
Moral realism stage
- Age 5-10 years
- Rules are obeyed rigidly
- Focus on personal punishment/reward, no understanding of how actions affect others
- Child develops belief in punishment and justice
77
Moral relativism stage
- Age 10+
- Rules become more flexible
- Moral issues can be interpreted
- Child becomes aware that moral responses are relative and breaking rules does not always need a punishment
78
What are the levels in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
- Pre-conventional level
- Conventional level
- Post-conventional level
79
Pre-Conventional level
- Children blindly obey authority
- Children base what Heinz should do on fear of being punished for letting wife die or committing a crime
- Stage 2 - weigh pros and cons
80
Conventional level
- Morality based on approval of others
| - Rules and laws define morality
81
Post-Conventional level
- People's rights sometimes outweigh the laws
- Societal rules and laws based on ethical values
- Adoption of rules that transcend societal norms
82
Evaluation of Piaget's theory of moral development
- In stage 2 infants respond to the magnitude of transgression rather than the intent behind it, however adults also sometimes do this
83
Evaluation of Kohlberg's theory of moral development
- Appearance of later stages (5 onwards) seem to be culture specific
- Doesn't classify reasoning seen in less literate cultures
- Sex biased: women base judgements more on consequences for other people involved, men more on abstract ideas of justice (based on data collected from only boys)
84
Damon's model of moral development
1 - Pre-schoolers' decisions are based on their feelings and perspectives (egocentric), by the end of this stage, external considerations influence reasoning
2 - Primary school children base decisions on notions of equality
3 - Equality gives way to considerations of merit and notions of reciprocity, distribution of resources is based on other's achievements
4 - At age 10-11, the child exhibits evidence of fairness
85
What stages did Erikson argue adult years consist of?
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Integrity vs despair
86
What are the stages of coping with death according to Kubler-Ross?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
87
What are the aims of hospices?
- To provide relief from pain
| - To allow the person to die with dignity
88
Evaluation of Kubler-Ross's stages of coping with death
- Her research was not scientific
- Her method was not systematic
- Her results are largely anecdotal
- Denial is the only stage which appears to be universal
89
According to Piaget, mental representations that are used for understanding the world and for thinking about problems, are called...
Cognitive structures
90
Piaget argued that a child at the moral realism stage of moral development acts according to his or her....
Understanding that behaviour produces personal consequences
91
Children are not capable of thinking hypothetically until the ______ period of cognitive development
Formal operational
92
The _____ response is a reflex that is caused by lightly touching a baby's cheek
Rooting
93
Sir Michael Rutter and his colleagues examined the extent of 'developmental catch up' in a group of 111 Romanian orphans adopted into English families within 24 months of being born. Which of the following best summarises what they found?
At 4 years of age the Romanian orphans had 'caught up' developmentally with a control group of English adopted children
94
By what age do babies show clear indications of being able to recognise patterns?
3 months
95
Clare pours the same amount of apple juice into two glasses. However, one of the glasses is taller and thinner than the other. Katherine and Chloe both want the taller glass because they think it contains more juice. Apparently, neither Chloe nor Katherine....
Has yet mastered the concept of conservation
96
The idea that things do not disappear when they are moved out of sight is called....
Object permanence
97
The fact that babies who can crawl will not venture over a visual cliff suggests that infants can...
Perceive depth
98
For most couples whose children are no longer living at home, life is...
Better now than before the children left
