Developmental Psychology And Individual Differences

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

Through patterns of rewards and punishments
E.g. SLT= development is through observation of others

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

A persons sense of and expression of themselves, often determined by cultural differences expected by society of men and women according to their sex

Question 3

Bandura - social learning theory

Answer 3

• child is more likely to attend to people it perceives as similar to themselves so more likely to imitate behaviour modelled by same sex
• child may be reinforced for acting in gender appropriate ways and punished or ignored for gender inappropriate behaviour

Question 4

Fagot (1978)

Answer 4

• observational study of toddlers in their own home
• boys reinforced by playing stereotypically gender appropriate toys and punished for playing with dolls
• gender role behaviours is learned from child’s environment

Question 5

Lamb and Roopnarine (1979)

Answer 5

• classified male and female and neutral activities
• boys and girls 3-5 free play at nursery
• children generally reinforced peers for gender appropriate play

Question 6

Margaret Mead

Answer 6

• studied social groups in Papua New Guinea
• Arapesh men and women were gentle, Mundugunmar = violent, Tchanbuli women were dominant and men dependant
• gender roles are influenced by nurture and social factors

Question 7

William and Best

Answer 7

• 30 different nations, 2800 uni students
• 300 adjectives checklist and asked which was associated with which gender
• men = dominant and aggressive, women = nurturing
• universal stereotypes so gender roles may be biologically determined

Question 8

Buss (1989)

Answer 8

• looked for what men and women wanted in a partner in 37 different cultures
• women wanted men who had good financial prospects
• men wanted women who were physically attractive and younger
• both = kindness, intelligence, dependable
• common findings = gender roles are biologically determined