Developmental Psychology and Psychopathology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Cultural relativism
A
There are no universal standards or rules for labelling a behaviour as abnormal; behaviours can only be labeled abnormal relative to cultural norms
2
Q
Four dimensions of abnormality (4 Ds)
A
- dysfunction
- distress
- deviance
- danger
3
Q
Biological theories of abnormality
A
View abnormal behaviour as being similar to physical diseases; cure is restoring the body to health
4
Q
Supernatural theories of abnormality
A
Abnormal behaviour is the result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and sin; cure is various rituals (religious), exorcisms, confessions, and atonement
5
Q
Psychological theories of abnormality
A
Abnormal behaviour is the result of trauma (e.g. bereavement, chronic stress); cure is rest, relaxation, and a change of environment
6
Q
Psychic epidemics
A
Phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviours that appear to have a psychological origin
7
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Study of the unconscious
8
Q
Behaviourism
A
Study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behaviour
9
Q
Statistical deviance
A
From this perspective, a child who displays too much or too little of any age-expected behaviour might have a disorder
10
Q
Sociocultural norms
A
Children who fail to conform to age-related, gender specific, or culture relevant expectations might be viewed as struggling, challenging, or disordered
11
Q
Psychopathology
A
Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behaviour
12
Q
Developmental psychopathology
A
Maladaptive patterns occur in the context of typical development and result in the current and potential impairment of infants, children, and adolescents
13
Q
Prevalence
A
Proportion of a population with a disorder
14
Q
Incidence
A
Rate at which new cases arise
15
Q
Classification
A
System for describing the important categories, groups, or dimensions of disorders
16
Q
Diagnosis
A
Method of assigning people to specific classification categories
17
Q
Categorical classification
A
Assumes that there are groups of individuals with relatively similar patterns of disorder
18
Q
Differential diagnoses
A
Decisions about mutually exclusive categories of disorders
19
Q
Theories of abnormality
A
- normal as the absence of disorders
- normal as a statistical average
- normal as an ideal or desired state
- normal as successful adaptation
20
Q
Barriers to mental health care
A
- perceptions of mental health and child welfare
- perceptions of psychological problems
- structural barriers
21
Q
Theoretical explanatory models of psychopathology
A
- Physiological models
- Psychodynamic models
- Behavioural and cognitive models
- Humanistic models
- Family or systemic models
- Sociocultural models
22
Q
Competence
A
Effective functioning in important environments
23
Q
Risk
A
Increased vulnerability to a disorder
24
Q
Risk factors
A
Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with this increased vulnerability (risk)
25
Resilience
Adaptation (or competence) despite adversity (better-than-expected functioning)
26
Protective factors
Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with this positive adaptation (resilience)
27
Connectome
Diagram of the brain's neural connections
28
Behaviour genetics
Study of the relationship between genetic variation and psychological traits
29
Developmental pathways
Adjustments and maladjustments are points or places along a life-long map
30
Equifinality
Sets of differing circumstances that lead to different outcomes
31
Multifinality
sets of similar circumstances that lead to different outcomes
32
Competence
Effective functioning in important environments
33
Core competencies
1. positive sense of self
2. self-control
3. decision-making skills
4. a moral system of belief
5. social connections
34
3 biobehavioural shifts
- 2 to 3 months old: routines of feeding, dressing, and comforting
- 7 to 9 months old: schedules, communication of intentions through gestures and vocalisations
- 18 to 20 months old: increase independence through exploring
35
Temperament
Early-emerging basic dispositions in the domains of activity, affectivity, attention, and self-regulation
36
Reactivity
A child's excitability and responsiveness
37
Regulation
What the child does to control their reactivity
38
Differential sensitivity
Some children are more susceptible than other to negative and positive environmental conditions
39
Resistant/ambivalent attachment
Related to inconsistency and unpredictability of care
40
Avoidant attachment
Related to inadequate care/neglect
41
Disorganised attachment
Signals a pattern of care in which the caregiver is perceived as fighting, frightened, or malicious
42
Infant mental health
- physiological functioning
- temperament
- attachment
43
Social referencing
Refers to children looking to their caregivers for advice on how to act in a certain situation (Not exclusive to children)
44
Affective attunement
Adjusting yourself to the emotional state of another person
45
Pica
Ingestion of non-food substances (e.g. paint, pebbles, and dirt)
46
Rumination
Repeated regurgitation of food
47
Avoidant/restricted food intake disorder
Characterised by a limited appetite, a severe selectivity of food, or a fear of feeding
48
Sleep-wake disorders
Insomnia, disorders of arousal, nightmare disorder
49
Central hypotheses of attachment theory
1. individual differences in the quality of infant-caregiver relationships, are largely the product of the history of interaction with the caregiver
2. variations in attachment quality are the foundation for later individual differences in personality
50
Attachment styles
Secure attachment
Insecure attachment
- resistant/ambivalent
- avoidant
- disorganised
51
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
- lack of organised attachment behaviours
- do not seek comfort when distressed
- problems with emotion regulation
52
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
- little (if any) inhibition with strangers
- do not socially reference from their caregiver
- socially superficial and attention-seeking
- can display inappropriate physical contact
53
History of extreme insufficient care (DSM-5C)
- social neglect or deprivation
- repeated changes of primary caregivers
- rearing in settings that limit forming selective attachments
54
Primary appraisal
Noticing a conflict and evaluating whether it poses a threat
55
Secondary appraisal
Trying to understand why the conflict is happening and what the child could do about it (were they to blame?)
56
Sensitivity hypothesis
Repeated exposure to conflict reduces a child's threshold to react negatively, and increases reactivity to conflict
57
Features of friendships
- voluntary
- reciprocal
- equal status
58
Effects of friendship
- motivation for empathy
- shared imaginative play
- broader social network
- expectations about social status: acceptance and rejected
59
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Involves impairment in two fundamental behaviour domains:
- deficits in social interactions and communication
- restricted, repetitive, patterns of behaviours, interests, and activities
60
Echolalia
Meaningless repetition of words spoken by someone else
61
Social cognition
Refers to the ways in which people think about themselves and their social worlds
62
Joint attention
Capacity to coordinate one's visual attention with the attention of another person
63
Theory of mind
Ability to attribute mental states to others
64
Affective social competence
Coordination of the capacities to experience emotion, send emotional messages to others and read other's emotional signals
65
Savant
Person with autism who has specific skills, a disharmonious IQ profile, and might be intellectually disabled in other areas of competence (10% of autistic individuals)
66
Central coherence
Natural tendency of humans to to see connections between stimuli and behold a whole image
67
Executive functioning
Cognitive functions that regulate goal-directed behaviour
68
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Disorders that typically arise first in childhood
69
Neurocognitive disorders
Disorders that typically arise in older age
70
Self-regulation
Includes one's own control of emotion, cognition, and behaviour; refers to actions taken to achieve future goals despite conflicting desires in the present
71
Externalising disorders
Symptoms are manifested by outward behaviour, such as aggression, defiance, or hyperactivity
72
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
A sustained pattern of anger, irritability, and defiant or vindictive behaviour
73
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Persistent pattern of very problematic behaviour in which there are serious violations of social norms and rules
74
Callous-unemotional characteristics
- lack of empathy
- lack of guilt or remorse
- shallow emotions
- lack of concern about performance
75
Antisocial behaviour
Behaviour that harms others or lacks consideration for the wellbeing of others
76
Disruptive behaviour disorders (DSM-5)
- oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
- conduct disorder (CD)
- antisocial personality Disorder (ASPD)
- intermittent explosive disorder (IED)
- pyromania
- kleptomania
77
The Cascade Effect
When having one risk/promotive factor, this to only predicts a developmental outcome but also causes many other, often unrelated, (mal)adaptive things to happen further in development
78
Hostile attribution bias
Tendency to associate any behaviour with something negative/threatening
79
Substance use disorders
Disorders that involve chronic difficulties in resisting the desire to drink alcohol or take drugs
80
Gambling disorder
Involves the inability to resist the impulse to gamble
81
Substance intoxication
Set of behavioural and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system
82
Substance withdrawal
Set of physiological and behavioural symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use
- symptoms are typically the opposite of intoxication
83
DSM-5 criteria for Substance Use Disorder
1. impaired control
2. social impairment
3. risky use
4. pharmacological
84
First stage of alcohol withdrawal
- begins within a few hours
- tremulousness, weakness, profuse perspiration
- person may experience anxiety, headaches, nausea, and abdominal cramps (may also retch and vomit)
- person may be flushed, restless, easily startled (but alert), and may begin to see or hear things
85
Second stage of alcohol withdrawal
- begins after 12 hrs
- includes convulsive seizures
- may also appear on 2nd or 2rd day of withdrawal
86
Third stage of alcohol withdrawal
- characterised by delirium tremens (DTs)
- auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations
- person may develop bizarre delusions
- person gets little sleep, is agitated, and disoriented
- physiological symptoms include a fever, perspiration, and an irregular heartbeat
- this stage is fatal in 10% of cases, due to hyperthermia or collapse of the peripheral vascular system
87
SUD symptoms: impaired control
1. Using larger amounts or over a longer period of time than intended
2. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
3. Great deal of time spent in obtaining, using, and/or recovering from
4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use
88
SUD symptoms: social impairment
5. Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfil major role obligations
6. Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by use
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use
89
SUD symptoms: risky use
8. Recurrent use (2 or more) in physically hazardous situations
9. Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems that is caused or exacerbated by use
90
SUD symptoms: pharmacological
10. Tolerance: defined by need for increased amounts to achieve desired effect or markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
11. Withdrawal: either with withdrawal symptoms or continued use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
91
Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder
~ 1%
92
Interactive Drawing Test
ASD diagnostic measure of reciprocity
93
Embedded Figures Test
ASD diagnostic measure of central coherence
- children with ASD are faster than TD children, which is evidence for a weaker central coherence
94
Most common developmental trajectory of ASD between the ages of 3 and 14
Improvements in the communication domain
95
Physical dependence
Involves susceptibility to withdrawal symptoms; it occurs only in combination with tolerance
96
Withdrawal symptoms
Noxious physical and psychological effects caused by reduction or cessation of substance intake (e.g., sleep disturbances, headaches, nausea and vomiting, tremors, restlessness, anxiety, and depression); these symptoms can range from relatively mild to life-threatening
97
Psychological dependence
A craving or compulsion to use despite the likelihood of significant negative consequences, and is not always accompanied by withdrawal symptoms
98
Addiction
Chronic disorder characterised by compulsive drug seeking and abuse, physiological effects, loss of control over the urges to use drugs, and impairment
99
Gateway hypothesis
Inclusive stage theory of drug involvement that proposes that the use of alcohol or marijuana acts as a gateway to the use of harder drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines
100
Common liability to addiction model
Assumes that there is a nonspecific propensity to use drugs.
This propensity is correlated with both opportunities to use various drugs and the actual use of drugs given an opportunity.
Shared individual and social factors, then, contribute to the use and abuse of multiple substances.
