Deviations

Question 1

Lower limb/ gait: lack of hip flexion

Answer 1

Normal - heel strike; 30 degrees, mid swing; over 30 degrees
Why normal - need to lol ear the ground, make progress

Question 2

Lower limb/ gait: lack of hip extension

Answer 2

Normal - heel off (stance); 10 degrees
Why normal - stability, control forward momentum

Question 3

Lower limb/ gait: circumduction/ hip hitching

Answer 3

Normal - mid swing; over 30 degrees flexion
Why normal - need to clear the ground, make progress

Question 4

Lower limb/ gait: lack of knee flexion

Answer 4

Normal - heel strike; 5 degrees, early swing (toe off); 60 degrees
Why normal - need to clear the ground, make progression

Question 5

Lower limb/ gait: lack of knee extension

Answer 5

Normal - mid stance; begins to extend, heel off (stance); maximum 5 degrees, mid swing; begins to extend, terminal swing; extends until full extension
Why normal - supports and stabilises the body which propels the body forwards

Question 6

Lower limb/ gait: foot drop/ lack of dorsiflexion at ankle

Answer 6

Stance - foot slap
Swing - toe drag
Normal - heel off; 10 degrees, mid swing; neutral position by dorsiflexors
Why normal - need to clear the ground, make progress

Question 7

Lower limb/ gait: lack of plantar flexion

Answer 7

Normal - foot flat (loading phase); 10 degrees, pre-swing; rapid plantar flexion before foot leaves the ground, toe off; 20 degrees
Why normal - propel the body forward

Question 8

Lower limb/ gait: lateral trunk flexion

Answer 8

Normal - pelvis doesn’t drop, doesn’t lean over to the stance leg
Why normal - maintains stability

Question 9

Lower limb/ gait: elbow flexion

Answer 9

About 90 degrees
Normal - arms swing by the side, flexion and extension, free movement
Why normal - propel the body forwards, maintain stability

Question 10

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of shoulder flexion

Answer 10

Normal - reach; 90 degrees
Why normal - reach high enough, clear any objects in the way

Question 11

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of shoulder extension

Answer 11

Normal - back to neutral
Why normal - return to centre of gravity, maintain balance

Question 12

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of shoulder protraction

Answer 12

Normal - see protraction of the shoulder girdle
Why normal - be able to reach the object

Question 13

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: elevation of the shoulder

Answer 13

Occurring as compensation as less shoulder flexion
Normal - shoulder stay neutral
Why normal - remain stable, more efficient movement

Question 14

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of elbow extension

Answer 14

Normal - from 90 genres flexion to neutral position of extended arm
Why normal - to be able to reach the object

Question 15

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of wrist extension

Answer 15

Normal - maybe see around 45 degrees
Why normal - to be able to grasp the object

Question 16

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lack of finger extension

Answer 16

Normal - maybe see around 30 degrees
Why normal - to be able to open the hand to grasp the object

Question 17

Upper limb/ reach and grasp: lateral trunk flexion

Answer 17

Normal - don’t lean to the side, trunk and spine stays neutral
Why normal - maintains stability of the body forwards