DEVS340 final exam Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
What is environmentalism?
A
response to climate change caused by humans and capitalism
2
Q
Market-oriented environmentalism
A
- about solving environmental problems by using money + market competition, rather than only relying on strict rules/bans
- understands that the market can provide incentives for conservation
3
Q
how is market-oriented environmentalism achieved?
A
- private property rights
- internalizing costs
- emphasis on innovation
- promoting efficient resources allocation
- encouraging individual responsibility
- idea that free market provides a path towards sustainability
4
Q
Coase Theorum
A
- potential solution to the “tragedy of the commons” under a free-market system
- If people can talk and make deals easily, they’ll find a solution that works for both sides without needing outside help, like the government.
5
Q
Environmental Kuznet’s Curve
A
- as economic development increases, environmental degradation decreases
- believed poverty drives environmental degradation
6
Q
How can environmental degradation caused by poverty be reduced?
A
through economic growth via free-market capitalism DUMB AF
7
Q
How would a market-oriented environmentalist address climate change/what are market-oriented environmentalist thoughts on the environment?
A
- free-markets driven by private enterprises and economically free individuals
8
Q
How would a Marxist address climate change/what are Marxist thoughts on the environment?
A
- dissolution of the capitalist system to reduce exploitation of nature and labor
- capitalism can never be sustainable bc it requires constant growth through extraction + exploitation of nature + labor
9
Q
How would a post-colonial address climate change/what are post-colonial thoughts on the environment?
A
- recognize productions and consumption in a sustainable way
- promote environmental justice
- support indigenous rights
10
Q
Ecological imperialism
A
- idea that colonization impacts political + economic systems as well as the land itself
11
Q
Post-colonial environmentalism
A
- focuses on challenging Wester/Eurocentric approaches to the environment
- rejects Anthropocentrism + promotes biocentrism (idea that all living beings have inherent worth + deserve moral consideration)
12
Q
Metabolic rift
A
- disruption of the natural processes between humans + environment
- disrupts + alienates workers from products of their labor
- believes capitalism can never be sustainable because it requires constant growth through extraction + exploitation of nature + labor
13
Q
Liberal feminism
A
- patriarchy as a legacy of “un-modernized” cultures
- believes women are treated as equals under the capitalist system bc the market doesn’t have bias/judgement
14
Q
Marxist feminism
A
- critiquing liberal feminism + the free market for reproducing + legitimizing the exploitative + oppressive nature of capitalist systems
- compounding oppression faced by women under capitalism (social reproduction of labor + devaluing domestic labor)
- gender equity can’t resolve capitalism
- gender inequality can’t be solved through market-based solutions
15
Q
Post-colonial feminism
A
- pushes listening to women in the GS instead of western ideas
- wants to break free from Western ideas
- stop seeing the GS only through the lens of western politics, history + stereotypes
- challenges the idea that Western + male perspectives are correct/universal
- women’s lives in the GS are shaped by their experiences w. their identities
16
Q
How does liberal feminism solve gender inequality?
A
- legal equity
- continued individualism
- meritocracy
- political reform
17
Q
How does Marxist feminism solve gender inequality?
A
- emancipation through revolution that dismantles patriarchy + capitalism
18
Q
How does post-colonial feminism solve gender inequality in the GS?
A
- inclusion of voices from GS
- resistance against oppressive structures
19
Q
Social reproduction
A
- domestic labor is essential to reproducing the capitalist system even though it’s unpaid + invisible
20
Q
What is post-structuralism?
A
- “non-theory” theory
- deconstructing academic theories + ideas about universal truths
- against Western knowledge being considered “superior”
21
Q
How does post-structuralism critique liberalism and Marxism?
A
- thinks they focus too much on the economy + uneven power relations
22
Q
What is the post-structuralist view on DEVS?
A
- sees it as hierarchical + Eurocentric
23
Q
Regimes of Truth
A
- when power operates to reinforce the “truthfulness” of discourse
- serves to legitimize Western knowledge as superior
24
Q
Intersectionality
A
- way to understand how multiple forms of oppression + inequality can overlap + create distinct experiences for individuals
- Kimberlé Crenshaw
25
Critiques of post-structuralism
- discounts success of some development initiatives
- romanticizes tradition
- does not given good alternative solutions
26
Orientalism
- Edward Said
- Considered a "regime of truth"
- idea that the west is superior and "orient" is inferior
27
What is the "Regime of Truth"?
- Michel Foucault
- set of beliefs, ideas + practices that a society accepts as "truth"
- shaped by powerful institutions like governments, schools, media
- influence how people think + act
- they can change over time
28
Explain Orientalism in terms of development
- idea that the Orient is seen as a place in need of Western-led development
29
Give examples of binaries and what do they reinforce?
- us vs them, west vs rest, modernity vs tradition
- dividing people into two opposite groups
- helps powerful groups keep control by promoting ideas that support their dominance
- create stereotypes + rules about how people in the "less powerful" group should behave,which keeps them in a lower position in society
30
What does "subaltern group" mean?
- people/communities that are marginalized, excluded, or have little power in society
- term used to highlight how these groups' voices are often ignored/overlooked, even in projects meant to help them
31
Michel Foucault
- created discourse analysis as a method of unpacking the power relations inherent in language
- "regime of truth"
32
What is discourse analysis?
- socio-political meanings in texts
- reveals what is unsaid
33
Why is neo-liberal feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south? And what are some critiques?
- bc it focuses on empowering individual women through education, jobs + economic opportunities
- can be seen as a good way to address gender inequality in the Global South bc it helps women become financially independent + gain more control over their lives
- CRITIQUE: some argue it doesn’t address deeper systemic issues like cultural norms/unequal power structures
34
Why is marxist feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south?
- bc it focuses on how class + economic systems create oppression
- argues that equality can only happen by changing the whole system
- this way women + men can share resources + power more equally, instead of just helping a few individuals succeed
34
Why is post-structuralist feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south?
- focuses on how ideas, culture + language shape power + oppression
- challenges fixed ideas about gender + emphasizes listening to local women’s diverse experiences
- seeks to change the way societies think about gender + power rather than applying one-size-fits-all solutions
35
Why is market-oriented environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?
- uses economic incentives (like carbon trading or green businesses)
- encourages sustainable practices by making it profitable for people + companies, which can drive economic growth and conservation at the same time in the Global South.
35
why is Marxist environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?
- focuses on how capitalism causes ecological crises by prioritizing profit over the environment
- argues that solving these crises requires changing the economic system to prioritize community needs + shared resources
36
why is post-colonial environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?
- highlights how colonial histories + global inequalities have caused environmental damage in the Global South
- focuses on empowering local communities, respecting traditional knowledge
- addresses how rich countries + corporations exploit resources
36
Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from a Marxist perspective
- argues that development is dead bc it perpetuates capitalist systems that prioritize profit over people
- Development only benefits the wealthy + powerful
- maintains inequality + exploitation in the GS
- true devs would require a radical shift in the economic system, which current development models fail to address
37
Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from a post-structuralist perspective
- they believe development is dead bc it imposes fixed ideas about progress + ignores the diverse experiences of people in the GS
- devs narratives are often shaped by Western perspectives, marginalizing local knowledge + voice which assumes one-size-fits-all solutions, failing to address the complexities + power dynamics of each context
37
Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from an environmentalist perspective
- current models focus on growth + exploitation of resources, leading to environmental destruction
- devs that prioritizes profit over sustainability harms the planet + marginalized communities
- true devs should respect ecological limits + seek to balance human needs with environmental protection
38
The World Bank argues that "the business case for gender equity is strong". Identify and explain this from a Marxist perspective
- the World Bank's argument that gender equity is good for business is seen as an attempt to integrate women into capitalist systems without challenging the root causes of inequality
- argues that this doesn't address the exploitation and class-based inequalities within capitalism
- they would see this as a way to extract more labor from women without changing the system
39
The World Bank argues that "the business case for gender equity is strong". Identify and explain this from a post-structuralist perspective
- argues the WB's claim oversimplifies gender equity by framing it as an economic strategy rather than a social/cultural issue
- treats gender equality as a tool for boosting economic growth
- ignores the power dynamics + diverse lived experiences of women
40
The World Bank argues that "the business case for gender equity is strong". Identify and explain this from an environmentalist perspective
- argues the focus on business profits still prioritizes economic growth over environmental sustainability
- argues that true gender equity should be pursued alongside environmental justice, rather than using gender equity merely as a tool to boost profits in business-driven development models
