Diabetes 1 Flashcards
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, managed through medication, food choice and physical activity, autoimmune condition where body attacks cells that make insulin, mostly diagnosed in children but can occur at any age
What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented, managed through food choice, physical activity and medication, cells either don’t produce enough insulin or don’t recognise insulin is present, mostly diagnosed in adults but increasing in children and teenagers being diagnosed
How are changes in insulin detected?
Insulin receptors detect changes in insulin, insulin binds to receptors and insulin causes translocation of glucose transported to the surface of the cells. Glucose is taken into cells and blood glucose levels decline
What is insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes normally begins with insulin resistance which is where insulin receptor stops responding to insulin hence more insulin is needed to trigger translocation of glucose transporters. Initially body starts to produce more insulin hence blood glucose remains high for longer after a meal. Liver will begin to release more glucose from hepatic gluconeogenesis stores in response to defective insulin response hence fasting glucose levels start to rise
What happens when you have too much glucose?
When you have too much glucose in your blood the glucose travels to the kidney which causes osmotic diuresis and polyuria (peeing out glucose by trying to get rid of it). This results in dehydration which causes polydipsia (tells brain to drink more) and polyphagia (increase in appetite)
How to diagnose type 2 diabetes?
Glycated haemoglobin measures glycemic control over 2-3 months, amount of haemoglobin glycated (glucose attached to it). Higher concentrations of blood glucose over time results in an increase in glycation of haemoglobin molecules
Long term health consequences of diabetes
Long term health consequences include stroke, blindness, heart attack, kidney failure and amputation
Encouraged to have retinal screening if you have diabetes
Risk factors for diabetes
High BMI, family history, PCOS, CVD, long term use of oral corticosteroids, gestational diabetes, severe mental illness
Lifestyle changes to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?
To reduce type 2 diabetes reduce energy intake, increase physical activity, increase fibre intake and reduce total and saturated fat intake
Any amount of movement will help reduce risk however obesity prevention needs closer to 60mins per day
Physical activity can influence diabetes risk both in presence and absence of obesity
How does exercise help to prevent diabetes?
When we exercise our muscles contract which cause translocation of glut 4 without insulin increasing skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity meaning we can pick up glucose more effectively
Improved endothelial function and capillarisation (amount of blood vessels in muscles increases)
Increased mitochondrial biogenesis and fibre ratios
Improved muscular respiratory capacity (ability to use oxygen in the muscle) and fatty acid oxidation
Increased expression and activity of glut 4 and glycogen synthase
