Diabetes Flashcards
(43 cards)
Where is insulin released from?
Beta cells from the pancreas
Describe how GLUT4 translocates
- Insulin binds to receptor and starts signalling cascade
- GLUT4 moves towards plasma membrane and binds
- GLUT4 transporters expose to the outside of the cell
- Glucose can work itself into the cell
When we have a lot of insulin and glucose, what happens to hepatic glucose release?
It is suppressed as we do not need it
What happens to insulin during feeding?
Increasing to promote cellular glucose uptake
What happens to insulin during fasting?
Insulin levels decrease to allow hepatic glucose production and FA release
What happens to insulin during exercise?
Insulin levels decrease to allow hepatic glucose production and FA release
Where is glucagon released from?
Alpha cells from the pancreas
What does glucagon do?
Stimulates hepatic glucose production to increase blood glucose levels
What happens to glucagon during feeding?
Nil to minimal affect
What happens to glucagon during fasting?
Small sustained released
What happens to glucagon during exercise?
Released later in exercise when blood glucose is low
What are two catecholamines and what do they do?
-Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (fight or flight)
-Stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle
(breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
What happens to catecholamines during feeding?
Nil to minimal
What happens to catecholamines during fasting?
Low levels
What happens to catecholamines during exercise?
Steadily increase with intensity
What is a brief overview of type 1 diabetes?
Bodies own destruction of beta cells, antibodies produced by the body
What are some metabolic abnormalities of type 1 diabetes?
- Unrestrained hepatic glucose production
- Glycosuria/ dehydration
- Increased lipolysis, ketone production, FA in the blood
- Increased proteolysis, muscle wastage
- Loss of hypoglycaemic glucagon release (can’t bring blood sugar levels back up)
What are typical signs of type 1 diabetes?
- Young, former illness
- Incredibly fatigued, tired, moody
- Drinking lots of water
- Weight loss
- Unwell
- Vision loss
What is a brief overview of type 2 diabetes?
- Disease of insulin resistance, or not enough insulin production
- Hyperglycaemia
What are some metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes?
- Hyperglycaemia, increased hepatic glucose, hyperinsulemia
- Increased lipolysis
- Loss of pancreatic sensitivity to high blood glucose
True or false, gaining 5kg or more from the age of 18 increases risk of T2D by 2-3 fold?
True, particularly if weight is stored around abdomen.
-Obviously not if it’s 5kg of pure cold hard lean muscle
What is the first mechanism of obesity to insulin resistance and explain.
Adipose tissue and inflammation
- Pro-inflammation of cytokines causing a disruption in insulin signalling
- IL-6, CRP, TNF, leptin
What do cytokines do to the body?
Cause blood and immune abnormalities and pro-thrombotic states
-Increase clotting, levels of activated leukocytes, growth factors, blood viscosity, coagulation, heart attack, stroke
What direct and indirect affect do pro-inflammatory cytokines have?
Direct: cytokine interference with insulin signalling
Indirect: communication between insulin and body tissues
-Insulin resistance and glucose uptake decreases causing more glucose in blood
