Diabetes Flashcards

Question

Role of exercise in management of diabetes

Answer 1

Reduces blood glucose conc and controls glycaemia and reduce cardiovascular risk factors Aim for at least 150min per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity over at least 3 days Aerobic and resistance exercise exert similar benefits but combining the 2 forms of exercise may confer greater benefits Combining hypocarolic diets with exercise increases body weight and fat loss and better preserve lean body mass

Answer 2

1) white people ages >40 and people from BAME groups ages >25 with one or more risk factors: - first degree family history of diabetes - BMI of 25-30 - waist measurement of >37 inches for white and black men and >31.5 inches for white black and Asian women and >35 inches for Asian men 2) people with atherosclerosis or hypertension 3) women who have gestational diabetes 4) PCOS + BMI >30 5) people who have IGT or IFG 6) people with severe metabolic health porblems (antipsychotics) 7) people with high triglycerides

Answer 3

More acute onset in T1 T2 progesrrive and symptoms gradual T2 takes 10 years on average to present

Answer 4

``` T1 T2 Gestational Secondary Drug induced Pancreatic disease Insulin resistance syndrome ```

Answer 5

Risk assessment at first PN visit Screen those at very high risk immediately Otherwise check at 24-28 weeks Glucose tolerance test

Answer 6

Maturity onset diabetes of the young ``` Early onset diabetes Not insulin dependent Autosomal dominant inheritance Caused by a single gene defect altering beta cell function Obesity is unusual ```

Answer 7

Early onset diabetes - before 25 in at least 1 and ideally 2 family members Not insulin dependent diabetes - off insulin treatment or measurable C peptide at least 3 (ideally 5) years after diagnosis Autosomal dominant inheritance - must be diabetes in 1 parent and ideally grandparent or child Caused by a single gene defect altering beta cell function, obesity unusual

Answer 8

Obesity Lipodystrophy - cannot store fat under skin result in ectopic fat - fat goes straight into pancreas or liver Insulin receptor mutation Very rare other genetic causes

Answer 9

To keep blood sugar as normal as possible without serious high or low blood sugars (HbA1c) To prevent tissue damage caused by too much sugar in the blood stream - lipids - blood pressure - screening for complications (eyes, feet, kidneys)

Answer 10

Dietary fat should provide 25-35% of total intake of calories but saturdated fat intake should not exceed 10% of total energy Protein intake can range between 10-15% total energy Requirement increase for children and during pregnancy. From both animal and vegetable sources Carbs 50-60% - complex and high in fibre Excessive salt intake avoided especially in those with hypertension and nephropathy

Answer 11

Physical activity promotes weight reduction and improves insulin sensitivity thus lowering blood glucose levels 30 mins of moderate intensity exercise per day People should be educated about risk of hypoglycaemia and how to avoid it

Answer 12

Biguanides- metformin Insulin secretagogues - sulphonylureas Insulin secretagogues - non sulphonylureas A-glucosidase inhibitors Thiazolidinediones Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibitors Sodium glucose co transporter 2 inhibitor

Answer 13

Consists mostly of flat muscles that line a cup shaped space. It is therefore flexible and can buffer the significant variations in pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 14

Peripheral arterial disease and loss of sensation

Answer 15

A complication of DM 2 main risk factors: neuropathy (loss of protective sensation) Peripheral arterial disease Presents with loss of sensation, absent foot pulses, reduced ankle brachial pressure

Answer 16

Increases insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

Reducing the incidence of macrovascular (ischaemic heart disease, stroke) and microvascular (eye, nerve and kidney damage)

Answer 18

Autoimmune disorder where the insulin producing beta cells of the iselts of langerhans in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system Results in an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting in raised glucose levels Tends to develop in child / early adult life and typically present unwell possibly in diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 19

Serious complication of diabetes that can be life threatening Excessive thirst, frequent urinaiton, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath

Answer 20

Caused by a relative deficiency of insulin due to an excess of adipose tissue Not enough insulin to go around all the excess fatty tissue, leading to blood glucose increasing

Answer 21

A condition characterised by either a decreased secretion of ADH from the pituitary (cranial DI) or an insensitivity to ADH (nephrogenic DI)

Answer 22

``` Idiopathic Post head injury Pituitary surgery Craniopharyngiomas Infiltrative ```

Answer 23

Genetic: mutation in the gene that encodes the aquaporin 2 channel Electrolytes: hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia Lithium: desensitised the kidneys ability to respond to ADH in the collecting ducts Dee clock line

Answer 24

Newborn baby larger than average | Weighs more than 8lbs 13 oz

Answer 25

Rapid acting insulin that helps to normalise the glucose level by moving glucose into cells

Answer 26

``` Calcium supplementation Hyperparathyroidism Iatrogenic drugs (thiazides) Milk alkali syndrome Paget disease of the bone Acromegaly and Addison’s disease Neoplasia Zolinger-Ellison syndrome Excessive vit D Excessive vit A Sarcoidosis ```

Diabetes Flashcards

(50 cards)