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ICS > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What happens with diabetes mellitus?

A

Body has problems moving glucose from blood into cells
- leads to lots of glucose in blood and not in cells

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2
Q

what 2 hormones control blood-glucose levels

A

insulin
glucagon

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3
Q

what is the difference between insulin and glucagon?

A

Insulin reduces blood-glucose levels
Glucagon increases blood-glucose levels

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4
Q

where is insulin and glucagon produced?

A

in pancreas inside islet of langerhans
insulin secreted from beta cells in center
glucagon secreted from alpha cells in the peripheral

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5
Q

how does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?

A

it binds to insulin receptors that are embedded in cell membrane, this causes glucose transporters to be embedded in the membrane and allow glucose to be transported inside the cell.

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6
Q

how does glucose increase blood-glucose levels

A

it gets liver to produce more glucose molecules, also breaks down glycogen into glucose

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7
Q

What percentage of the US population is diagnosed with diabetes?

A

10%

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8
Q

What percentage of people have type 1 vs type 2 diabetes?

A

10% have Type 1
90% have Type 2

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9
Q

What happens with type 1 diabetes?

A

body cannot make enough insulin = insulin cannot enter the body’s cells because insulin is what binds to insulin receptors that make glucagon transporters to go to the membrane to allow glucagon to come in the cell so without insulin the glucose stays in the blood and there is high blood glucose levels
- person’s own t-cells attack the pancrease

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10
Q

symptoms of diabetes type 1

A

polyphagia: eating a lot bc of uncontrolled diabetes
glycosuria: glucose in urine
polyuria: frequent urination
polydipsia: increased dehydration

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11
Q

What happens during type 2 diabetes?

A

body makes insulin but tissues don’t respond to it
cells do not move the glucose transporters to the membrane as they should
INSULIN RESISTANCE

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12
Q

What are risk factors of diabetes type 2

A

obesity
lack of exercise
hypertension
genetics

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13
Q

What is hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose

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14
Q

what tests can be used as a pre-diabetes indicator?

A

fasting glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, or Hb A1C test

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15
Q

What is a Hb(A1C) test?

A

tests for the proportion of hemoglobin in RCB that has glucose stuck to it

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16
Q

glycated hemoglobin

A

when glucose is attached to hemoglobin in RBC

17
Q

What percentage of glycated hemoglobin indicates prediabetes in the HB A1C test?

A

5.7-6.4%

18
Q

What percentage of glycated hemoglobin indicates diabetes in the HB A1C test?

A

6.5% or higher

19
Q

What is a benefit of Hb A1C test?

A

it doesn’t change every day so it tells you if glucose levels have been high for the past 2-3 months

20
Q

What is a treatment option for type 1 diabetes?

A

only insulin

21
Q

Treatment options for type 2 diabetes

A

weight loss
exercise
healthy diet
antidiabetic meds (eg. metformin)

if all this fails, insulin can also be used

22
Q

Risks of insulin treatment

A

hypoglycemia

23
Q

sypmtoms of hypoglycemia

A

weakness

hunger

shaking

extreme cases:

loss consciousness

seizures

24
Q

Treatment for mild hypoglycemia

A

food with sugar like a choc bar, oj, cereal etc

25
Q

What are treatment options for severe cases of hypoglycemia?

A

intravenous glucose ASAP

intranasal glucagon

26
Q

Can type 1 and 2 diabetes be prevented?

A

Type 1 cannot, type II yes

27
Q

Hypoglycemia is characterized by

A
  • CNS symptoms, including confusion, aberrant behavior or coma
  • a simultaneous blood glucose level equal to or less than 40 mg/dl
    • symptoms being resolved within minutes following the administration of glucose
28
Q

is hypoglycemia a medical emergency?

A

yes

29
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level?

A

less than 140 mg/dl

30
Q

what happens in dental caries?

A

organic acid metabolites produced by oral microorganisms lead to demineralization and destruction of the tooth structures

  • bacteria infection an dacid production occurs from sugar metabolism in the mouth
31
Q

why is periodontal disease and diabetes relationship bidirectional?

A

because hyperglycemia affects oral health and periodontitis affects glycemic control (increased HbA1C)

32
Q

how does glycolysis play a role in acid production by bacteria in teeth

A

bacteria use glycolysis to get energy

end product of glycolysis under anaerobic condition is lactic acid

lactic acid creates extra acidity to decrease pH and this dissolves the calcium phosphate in the tooth enamel leading to the start of a cavity

ICS (5 decks)

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