Diabetes Flashcards
(19 cards)
Name the Glucose-Like Peptide-1 analogue drugs
Dulaglutide
Exenatide
Liraglutide
Semaglutide
Name the Sulfonylurea drugs
Glibenclamide
Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Glipizide
Name the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor drugs
Alogliptin
Linagliptin
Saxagliptin
Sitagliptin
Vildagliptin
Name the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor drugs
Dapagliflozin
Empafliflozin
Ertugliflozin
What is the first-line medication for type 2 diabetes?
Metformin
Name the types of insulin
Ultra short-acting:
Fast-acting insulin aspart, insulin aspart, insulin lispro, insulin glulisine
Short-acting:
Neutral insulin
Long-acting:
Isophane insulin
Long-acting analogues:
Insulin determine, insulin glassine
What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What is the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Occurs due to the cell receptor resistance to the action of insulin. Results in reduced efficacy of insulin on target organs.
Later leads to gradual loss of insulin producing capacity of pancreatic beta cells.
What is the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes?
Hormonal changes in the mother designed to create more energy for the developing foetus leads to increase in circulating glucose -> hyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia leads to release of insulin -> insulin targets cells in maternal tissue to uptake more glucose leading to insulin resistance.
Placenta secretes various hormones that inhibit the functioning of insulin -> blood glucose isn’t taken up efficiently -> insulin resistance
Can lead to fetal macrosomia
What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- Excessive thirst
- passing more urine
- tired and lethargic
- always feeling hungry
- wounds healing slow
- itching, skin infections
- blurred vision
- mood swings
- headaches
- dizziness
- leg cramps
What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- excessive thirst
- passing more urine
- tired and lethargic
- always feeling hungry
- wounds heal slowly
- itching, skin infections
- blurred vision
- unexplained weight loss
- mood swings
- headache
- dizziness
- leg cramps
What are the complications of diabetes mellitus?
Macrovascular disease:
* Stroke
* Myocardial infarction
* Cardiac failure
* peripheral vascular disease
Microvascular disease:
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Microalbuminuria
* Macroalbuminuria
* End-stage renal disease
* Erectile dysfunction
* Autonomic neuropathy
* Osteomyelitis
* Amputation
What is the mechanism of action of Metformin? Possible adverse effects?
Decreases gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
Increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization
AE: Vomiting, nausea, anorexia, diarrhoea, malabsorption of vitamin B12
What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonylureas? Possible adverse effects?
Increases pancreatic insulin secretion
AE: Hypoglycaemia, weight gain
What is the mechanism of action of the Glucose-like peptide-1 analogues? Possible adverse effects?
Analogues of Incretin; increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, and suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows glucose absorption and decreases appetite.
AE: Nausea and vomiting.
What is the mechanism of action of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors? Possible adverse effects?
Inhibits DPP-4 -> increasing incretin: increases glucose dependent insulin secretion, and glucose production is reduced.
AE: Pancreatitis
What is the mechanism of action of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors? Possible adverse effects?
Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidney
-may also cause reduction in BP, cardioprotection, and weight loss
AE: Genitourinary infections, euglycaemic ketoacidosis
What are the signs and symptoms of insulin resistance?
- Acanthosis nigricans - hyperpigmentation and velvety skin texture
- skin tags
- central obesity
- hirsutism
What are methods of diagnosing and screening diabetes mellitus?
- Oral glucose tolerance test: measures how quickly body moves glucose from blood to tissue
- Glycosylated haemoglobin: measures the amount of blood glucose attached to haemoglobin
- Fasting blood glucose: measure blood glucose after 8 hours fasting
- Random blood glucose test: test at a random point in the day
