Diabetes Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is type 1 diabetes?
Chronic condition in which the pancreas that doesn’t produce any insulin
What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
immune system malfunctions & targets insulin - producing beta cells in pancreas = destruction
beta cells lost means the body becomes deficient in insulin (essential regulating BSL) = high blood glucose levels
requires insulin for rest of life
What are S&S of T1DM?
- increased thirst + urination
- increased hunger
- fatigue
- sudden weight loss
- n+v
- dry skin/skin lesions
- recurrent infection
What are the risk factors of T1DM?
- family hx
- genetics
- diagnosed at a young age
- environment = viruses
What are the nursing interventions for T1+2DM
- monitor BSL & use sliding scale
- administer insulin + meds
- educate pt about diabetes
- examine feet+skin+ teach about foot care
- enc. annual visits to dentist, ophthalmologist, cardiologist, & neurologist
- teach about hypo/hyperglycemia
- teach about nutrition + importance of exercise
- enc. pt to stop smoking + drink
What is the medical management of T1+2DM?
- insulin
- oral diabetic meds
What is the nutrition management of T1+2DM?
- meal planning + weight control
- ?dietician
- careful w/ carbs + balanced meals
- high fiber + lean protein
- minimal sugar intake
- regular eating schedule
What is the advice of exercise & diabetes?
same time + amount & a slow gradual if increasing
What is type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance & relative lack of insulin produced by beta cells
What is the pathophysiology of T2DM?
increase fatty molecules from beta cells from liver to beta cell becomes insulin resistant & less insulin secreted
lack of insulin produced to meet body’s cell demand for adequate amounts of glucose = BSL rise
bc there is some glucose entering the liver, skeletal muscle & adipose cells the metabolic cycles still work so ketoacidosis = rare
What are the S&S of T2DM?
- fatigue/weakness
- sudden vision changes
- increase urination + thirst + hunger
- dry skin + lesions
- slow wound healing
- recurrent infections
- eye disease
- peripheral neuropathy
- PVD
What are the major risk factors of T2DM?
- overweight
- HTN
- Dyslipidemia
- lack of physical activity
What are micro complications of diabetes?
small vessels:
- eyes = retinopathy
-kidneys = nephropathy
- feet = neuropathy
What are the macro complications of diabetes?
larger vessels:
- cardiovascular disease
- peripheral vascular disease
- hypo/hyperthyroidism
- infections
- decreased vaginal lube/vaginitis/vaginal infections
- erectile dysfunction
What is HbA1C, what’s measured & what are normal values?
blood test that measures the average blood glucose from previous 8-12 weeks = looks at how much glucose has become stuck in RBC
<40 mmol/mol = normal
50> mmol/mol = diabetes
41-49mmol/mol = pre-diabetes
What are 3 types of T2DM oral medications?
- bugiaride
- sulphonylureas
- DPP-4 Inhibitor
What does metformin do, it’s side effect & contraindication?
decreased glucogenesis
increases peripheral utilisation to be present to work
first line therapy
S/E = GI disturbance
Don’t use = renal failure
What does glipizide/gliclazide do, it’s side effect?
increases release of insulin by pancreatic B cells
therefore, some residual pancreatic beta-cell activity is required for effect
S/E = hypoglycaemia
What does vildagliptin do, & contraindication?
inhibits DDP=4 & increases GLD-1 levels which increase insulin productions & decrease glucose levels (especially after eating)
decreased glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells
Don’t give if = renal failureq
What are some practical applications the nurse should do with T2DM oral medication?
- Withhold or replaced = minimal food intake
- metformin stopped if renal system deteriorates
- risk of hypos
Rapid acting insulin
- works in…
- Lasts for…
- Examples…
- works in 5mins
- lasts 3-4hrs
- Apidra, Humalog, Novorapid
Short Acting Insulin
- works in…
- Lasts for…
- Examples…
- works in 20mins
- lasts for 5-8hrs
- Humulin R, Actrapid
Intermediate Acting Insulin
- works in…
- Lasts for…
- Examples…
- works in 3hrs
- lasts 16hrs
Humulin NPH, Protaphane
Long Acting Insulin
- works in…
- Lasts for…
- Examples…
- works in 1-3hrs
- lasts up to 24hrs
- no peak
- lantus
