Diabetes

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

Type 1: autoimmune, pancreas doesn’t secrete insulin

Type 2: insulin resistance

Gestational: glucose intolerance in pregnancy

Question 2

disease course and expected findings

Answer 2

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, kussmaul respirations, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (syndrome X)

Question 3

Labs and diagnostics

Answer 3

blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (hgbA1C), urine ketones

fasting blood glucose: 100 mg/dL

A1C: 4-6%

glucose tolerance test: < 140

Question 4

Meds

Answer 4

insulin: rapid, short, intermediate, long acting

oral hypoglycemics: metformin (biguanide); glucophage that reduces insulin resistance; increases insulin sensitivity; stop using if going for CT

Question 5

Complications and nursing care

Answer 5

• diet
• avoid alcohol
• exercise
• foot care
• inspect feet daily
• sick day rules
• cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease
• diabetic retinopathy
• diabetic neuropathy
• sexual dysfunction
• alcohol induced delayed hypoglycemia
• dawn phenomenon
• somogyi phenomenon

Question 6

what are risk factors for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 6

obesity, sedentary lifestyle, HTN, elevated cholesterol, cardiovascular disease

Question 7

should you wear the same shoes 2 days in a row?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

how can you check the temp of bathwater?

Answer 8

with wrist or thermometer

Question 9

hypoglycemia symptoms

Answer 9

cool clammy skin, anxious, weakness, double vision, tachycardia, no blood ketones

Question 10

hyperglycemia symptoms

Answer 10

war, moist skin, dehydration, Kussmaul respirations, blood ketones

Question 11

what can you take to treat mild hypoglycemia?

Answer 11

• glucose tablets
• 1/2 cup fruit juice
• 1/2 regular soft drink
• 8 oz skim milk
• 6-10 hard candies
• 4 cubes sugar
• 4 tsp sugar
• 6 saltines
• 3 graham crackers
• 1 T honey