Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How many types of diabetes mellitus exist?

A

Type 1 (insulin dependent)
Type 2
Gestational - during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

Peak age for diagnosis 9-14
Autoimmune condition - not caused by lifestyle
Pancreas stops producing insulin
Need to take insulin for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How common is type 1 diabetes?

A

Roughly 345,000 people live with type 1 in the UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

Occurs in people >40
Increasingly more frequent in children due to obesity
Insulin resistance and decreased production
Genetic and lifestyle factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Occurs between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy
Caused by hormones produced during pregnancy causing insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes?

A

Obesity
Previous gestation diabetes
Previously had a large baby
Family history of diabetes
Asian/ African/ middle eastern background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the micro vascular complications of diabetes seen?

A

Eye
Kidney
Nerves - Neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the marcovasculature complications of diabetes seen?

A

Brain
Heart
Extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the eye damaged due to diabetes?

A

High blood glucose levels
High blood pressure
Damage eye blood vessels and cause retinopathy, cataracts and glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain how the kidney is damaged due to diabetes

A

High blood pressure - Damages small blood vessels
Excess blood glucose - overworks the kidneys resulting in neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain how nerves are damaged in diabetes

A

Hyperglycaemia - damages nerve in PNS
Results in pain and numbness
Feet wounds likely go undetected and get infected potentially leading to gangrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the brain affected by diabetes?

A

Increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease
Transient ischaemic attack
Cognitive impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the heart affected by diabetes?

A

High blood pressure
Insulin resistance
Increase risk of coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the effect diabetes has on the extremities

A

Peripheral vascular disease from narrowing blood vessels
Increased of insufficient blood flow to legs
Feet wound go undetected and heal slowly which can contribute to gangrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is insulin important?

A

Regulates
Carbohydrate ]
Fat ] Metabolism
Protein ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What types of insulin exist?

A

Animal (pork and beef)
Human
Human analogues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can insulin be classified?

A

Short duration, rapid onset
Intermediate action
Slow onset, long periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the genetic factors in developing type 2?

A

Ethnicity
Higher rates in African, African-Caribbean and south Asian peoples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the environmental factors associated with type 2?

A

Obesity
Physical activity
Dyslipidaemia
Existing CVD
Medications (corticosteroids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What dietary changes should be made to alleviate type 2?

A

Increase vegetables, whole grains and fibre
Reduce processed fats/ meats, sugar, salt
Eat more fish, beans, pulses, lentils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What other changes should be made by those with type 2?

Study These Flashcards
A

Weight loss
Exercise
Smoking cessation

22
Q

What are the two ways of diagnosing type2?

Study These Flashcards
A

HbA1c
Fasting venous plasma glucose

23
Q

Why is HbA1c ideal testing?

Study These Flashcards
A

Represents average plasma glucose over the previous months without fasting

24
Q

What is the cut off for HbA1c?

Study These Flashcards
A

Above 48 mmol/mol
Should repeat the test

25
When is fasting venous levels used?
During pregnancy, anaemia, end stage CKD
26
What are the aims of managing type 2?
Lower blood glucose levels Provide relief of symptoms Prevent micro / macro complications
27
What symptoms are seen with type 2?
Thirst Polyuria Nocturia Blurred vision Infections
28
What things are monitored in type 2 patients?
Blood glucose Weight, height, BP, lipids Renal function Retinopathy Podiatry Distal pulse checks
29
What is the difference in HbA1c targets for newly diagnosed and older patients?
New - tight glycaemic targets to improve short term micro and long term macro and mortality Old - relaxed glycaemic targets, tight targets won’t help micro/macro but may cause harms
30
What is the optimum BP for type 2?
<130/80 mmHg <140/80 mmHg
31
Where should you go to get information on best medications, efficacy, safety and cost?
NI formulary website
32
What are the two dipeptidyl-4 inhibitors (DPP-4)?
1st choice - sitagliptin tablets 2nd choice - linagliptin tablets
33
What hypoglycaemic agents and anti diabetic treatments exist?
Biguanides Sulfonylureas DPP-4 inhibitors Thiazolidinedione Sodium glucose Co transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) Glucagon like peptide 1 agonists (GLP-1)
34
When should SGLT2 inhibitors be used instead of metformin?
Patient has heart failure Established atherosclerotic CV disease High risk of CV disease
35
Why are biguanides (metformin) first line treatments?
Reduced mortality Decreases hepatic glucose production Increases insulin sensitivity No weight gain or hypoglycaemia
36
What is the side effect of metformin?
Nausea Can be avoided when starting low and incrementally increasing the dose
37
Where is SGLT2 found?
The proximal convulted tubule of the kidneys
38
What do SGLT2 inhibitors do?
Reduce absorption of filtered glucose in the kidney Increases the excretion of glucose into the urine
39
What are the side effects seen with SGLT2 inhibitors?
Genitourinary infections Excess diuresis Weight loss Small reduction in BP Increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis
40
What do DPP-4 inhibitors do?
Increase secretion of insulin and lowers glucagon release
41
What effects are seen with DPP-4 inhibitors?
No effect on weight gain Modest effects on HbA1c Low risk of hypoglycaemia Small increased risk of acute pancreatitis
42
What do thiazolidinediones do?
Reduce insulin resistance
43
What adverse effects are seen when using thiazolidinediones?
Increased risk of heart failure, bladder cancer and fractures Significant weight gain and fluid retention Low risk of hypoglycaemia Can use in renal impairment
44
What do sulfonylureas do?
Stimulate release of insulin from the pancreas
45
What effects are seen when using sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycaemia Weight gain Avoid in renal impairment
46
How are GLP-1 agonists delivered?
Subcutaneous injection
47
What do GLP-1 agonists do?
Stimulate insulin secretion Reduces glucagon secretion Reduces gastric emptying
48
What side effects are associated with GLP-1 agonists?
Nausea reduced appetite Weight loss Low risk of hypoglycaemia Can be used in moderate renal impairment Rare reports of acute pancreatitis
49
What are the three examples of GLP-1 agonists?
Liraglutide Dulaglutide Semaglutide
50
What would the features of an ideal diabetic drug include?
Effect on blood glucose Effect on mortality & CV outcomes Test ability and quality of life Reduced adverse effects Reasonable cost Ease of administration

Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions