Diabetes Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is the primary source of energy produced from carbohydrate metabolism?
Glucose
Glucose is best for making energy (ATP).
What process involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid without the need for oxygen?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in glucose catabolism.
What does pyruvic acid turn into to enter the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl coenzyme
Acetyl coenzyme is essential for entering the Krebs cycle.
What is produced in the Krebs cycle from oxidizing acetyl coenzyme?
ATP and CO2
The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP and carbon dioxide.
What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (36 ATP)
This equation summarizes the complete oxidation of glucose.
What hormone is released in response to high blood sugars?
Insulin
Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen.
What is the process called where insulin tells the liver to convert glucose into glycogen?
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is stimulated by insulin.
What hormone is released when blood sugar levels are low?
Glucagon
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose.
What is gestation diabetes mellitus?
Inability to increase insulin secretion to counteract natural insulin resistance caused by hormones (progesterone, oestrogen)
Which hormones during pregnancy contribute to insulin resistance?
Progesterone and oestrogen
These hormones can affect insulin levels and secretion.
What are the effects of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?
Congenital abnormalities, HBW, trauma, polyhydramnios, stillbirth, neonatal asphyxia
Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to serious complications.
What is the target maternal blood glucose level during pregnancy?
4-7 mmol/l
Maintaining this range is critical for maternal and fetal health.
What condition is indicated by the presence of glucose in urine?
High blood glucose
Glucose in urine typically occurs when blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold.
What do women with diabetes need higher levels of due to low vitamin B levels?
Folic acid
Higher folic acid levels are essential for women with diabetes to prevent neural tube defects.
What type of diabetes is characterized by the inability to create insulin?
Diabetes type 1
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that destroys insulin-producing cells.
What type of diabetes involves either not creating insulin or not responding to it?
Diabetes type 2
Type 2 diabetes is often related to insulin resistance.
Fill in the blank: The process of turning glucose into glycogen is called _______.
Glycogenesis
True or False: Insulin reduces blood sugar levels.
True
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering blood sugar levels.
List the healthcare professionals involved in managing diabetes during pregnancy.
- Dietetic doctor
- Dietician
- Diabetic midwife/nurse
- Community midwife
- Women
- Sonographers
- Neonatal doctors
- Obstetrician
- Ophthalmologists
What is a potential consequence of ketones in the blood during pregnancy?
Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis can lead to serious complications, including coma.
What should maternal blood sugar be between
4-7mmol/L
How do we care for women in labour with GDM?
CTG monitoring
Test hourly blood glucose
+/- insulin infusion if needed
How does diabetes affect the neonate?
High birth weight
Birth trauma - forceps, shoulder dystocia
Hypoglycaemia - glucose source taken away
Hyperglycaemia
Jaundice - high RBC levels due to insulin
Stillbirth
Respiratory distress - hyperinsulimaemia can affect surfactant
Hyperinsulimaemia
How does diabetes affect the mother?
Miscarriage
Hyperglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Premature
C/s
Birth trauma
Hypertension
Damaging eye tissue
