Diabetes

Question 1

During high BGLs?

Answer 1

beta cells release insulin to put glucose into cells

Question 2

During low BGLs

Answer 2

Alpha cells release glycagon which release glucose into cells

Question 3

GLUT 1 transporters?

Answer 3

Are present in nearly all tissues but are important transporters for RBCs & brain

Question 4

GLUT 2?

Answer 4

Main transporter of the beta cells (of the pancreas), liver & kidney

Question 5

GLUT 3?

Answer 5

Found in the brain & kidney

Question 6

GLUT 4?

Answer 6

Main transporter for skeletal & cardiac muscles & adipose cells. Requires insulin.

Question 7

Insulin stimulates the uptake, storage, and use of?

Answer 7

Glucose, protein synthesis and lipogenesis

Question 8

Insulin inhibits?

Answer 8

Glucose, protein and fat breakdown

Question 9

Glycagon functions?

Answer 9

1. Acts primarily on liver
2. Initiates glycogenolysis to increase BGLs

Question 10

Other Glycogen functions?

Answer 10

1. Increases the transport of amino acids to the liver and stimulates their conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
2. At high concentrations activates lipolysis in adipose cells → ↑ FFAs for energy
3. Main stimulus for release is hypoglycemia. Other stimuli include a high concentration. of amino acids, stress

Question 11

What is the main stimulus for the release of glycogen?

Answer 11

Hypoglacamiea

Question 12

What are 3 other hormones that increase BGLs?

Answer 12

Adrenaline, cortisol, and Growth hormone

Question 13

When are incretin hormones released & what are they?

Answer 13

Intestinally produced hormones & secreted in response of CHO ingestion

Question 14

What are the two main 2 incretin hormones?

Answer 14

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Question 15

What are the functions of GLP-1

Answer 15

1. ↑insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
2. ↓ glucagon secretion
3. Delay gastric emptying
4. ↓ appetite
5. ↑ satiety
6. ↓ body weight
7. Protective effects on beta cells

Question 16

What is Diabetes?

Answer 16

Disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, leading to a state of hyperglycaemia and changes in nutrient (CHO, PRO & FAT) metabolism and storage

Question 17

In Diabetes, the _____ are faulty

Answer 17

Decreased ability to form glucose bridges into cells

Question 18

What does Type 1 Diabetes cause?

Answer 18

Loss of the pancreatic islet β cells – resulting in insulin deficiency

Question 19

What causes the destruction of beta cells?

Answer 19

Antigens (proteins or peptides that the immune system recognizes as being foreign) activate the immune system which causes → Infiltration of the pancreas by immune cells such as cytotoxic T-cells & macrophages → results in inflammation and islet β cell destruction

Question 20

What is Type 2 Diabetes characterized by?

Answer 20

Insulin resistance (IR)– with accompanying -cell dysfunction– hyperglycemia

Question 21

Normal BGLs?

Answer 21

4 - 6 mmol/L or < 40 HbA1C

Question 22

Prediabetes BGLs?

Answer 22

6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L,
HbA1c 41 - 49 mmol/L

Question 23

Diabetes BGLs?

Answer 23

> 7 mmol/L
HbA1c > 50 mmol/L

Question 24

Obese with Mild metabolic dysfunction

Answer 24

Increases inflammation
Decreases metabolic control

Question 25

Obese with full metabolic dysfunction

Answer 25

High Inflammation Very poor metabolic control Low vascular function