diabetes Flashcards
(40 cards)
what is type I diabetes and what are the risk factors.
An autoimmune condition where the body is unable to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.
Risk factors: genetic factors and environmental factors such as early life exposure to viruses
What is type II diabetes and what are the risk factors
It is a chronic condition where the pancreas either doesn’t produce enough insulin or the insulin it produces doesn’t work properly
risk factors: obesity, lack of physical activity, family history, ethnicity and diet.
What is gestational diabetes and what are the consequences
it is caused by increased insulin demand during pregnancy. It does not usually cause symptoms and mostly discovered when blood sugars are tested.
Consequences include a macrocosmic baby, excess amniotic fluid, pre-eclampsia and premature delivery.
What is MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) and what are the 3 main features.
It is a hereditary form of diabetes caused by mutation to the genes which effect insulin production.
3 main features include being diagnosed before the age of 25, it runs in families from 1 generation to the next and it can be treated by diet or tablets and doesn’t always need insulin treatment
What is LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes om adults
A type of diabetes that straddles type 1 and type 2. It a slow progressing form of autoimmune diabetes - symptoms appear much slower then type I but are more obvious and come on quicker then type 2. It can be managed by diet and exercise and eventually insulin.
What is type 3C
Develops because of damage to the pancreas which causes it to stop producing sufficient insulin. It is often linked to other conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cystic fibrosis.
How is type I and II diabetes diagnosed
Random blood glucose of 11.1
Fasting blood glucose of >7
OGT of >11.1 - usually only done in pregnancy
HbA1c - monitors blood glucose control over a 3 month period - 48mmol or 6.5%
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed
Fasting blood glucose >5.6mmol
OGTT of >7.8 mmol
What are symptoms of type I
polyphagia, polydipsia, polyurea, weight loss, blurred vision, dizziness, fatigue ketoacidosis
What are the symptoms of type II diabetes
Polyphagia, polyurea, polydipsia, loss of feeling in the feet or tingling feet, blurred vision, hyperosmolar coma, slow wound healing
What is hypoglycemia and what are the symptoms
It occurs when blood glucose levels are <4 mmol/l
Symptoms including sweating, shaking, heart palpitations and feeling tired or confused
What should you do for a hypo
It is important to eat something that will raise blood sugar levels quickly such as a small glass of fruit juice, 4 jelly babies, 2 tubes of glucose gel or 5 glucose/dextrose tablets. Check blood sugar levels 10-15 mins later and once above 4mmol, eat something that will keep it up for longer such as biscuits or a sandwich.
What is hyperglycemia and what are the symptoms
It is when blood glucose levels are >7mmol before a meal (however target levels are different for everyone).
Symptoms include feeling very thirsty, excessive urination feeling tired tired or weak and weight loss.
What are the consequences of hyperglycemia
Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy.
What causes hyperglycemia and how can it be prevented
It is caused by missing mediation, having more CHO then your body/medication can cope with, stress, illness/infection
It is prevented by taking medication, avoiding sugary and starchy foods, CHO portions and exercising.
Describe rapid acting insulin.
Rapid acting insulin starts to work very quickly and is usually given before a meal to stop blood glucose levels going too high. It starts working withing 10-20 minutes and lasts for up to 5 hours.
It is usually given 15 minutes before a meal but can be taken up 10 minutes after a meal.
It can be combined with intermediate or longer acting insulin for a longer period of blood glucose maintenance.
the 3 types of lisapro, aspart and insulin glulisine.
Give 3 brands of rapid acting insulin
- Humalog
- Lyumjev
- novorapid.
What is short acting insulin
Short acting starts to work after 30-60 minutes and usually lasts for 8 hours. It is usually taken 30 minutes before a meal.
Name 2 brands of short acting insulin
Humulin S
actrapid
What is intermediate acting insulin
It had gradual onset and a longer duration of action
It starts to work after 1-2 hours and lasts for 11-24 hours
It is usually taken once or twice a day and works throughout the day and night to give the body low levels of insulin all the time
name 2 brands of intermediate acting insulin
Humulin I
insulatard
What are the brands of long acting insulin
levemir
lantus
What are diabetes UK guidelines
If over weight, lose weight and a low calorie diet of 800-1200 kcals can help achieve weight loss.
Helpful diets include a low CHO diet, Mediterranean diet, intermittent fasting, meal replacement plan.
It also recommends to chose healthier CHO, less salt, eat more fruit and veg, chose healthier fats, cut down on sugar, be smart with snacks, drink alcohol sensibly and avoid diabetic food
What is long acting insulin
It is us ally injected once or twice a day and works throughout the day and night to give low levels of insulin all the time
It starts working after 30 minutes to 4 hours and usually lasts for 16-24 hours
May need to give short or rapid acting insulin before a meal to stop blood glucose levels going too high after eating CHO.
