Diabetes Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the underlying cause that causes complications of diabetes? What are these complications?
Caused by damage to microvasculature due to poor glycemic control.
- nerve damage
- kidney damage e.g. kidney failure
- eye damage
- retinopathy
- autonomic neuropathy
- peripheral neuropathy
- blood vessel diseases
Type 2 diabetes
They require EXTRA insulin than normal, they are insulin requiring
What are the two types of neuropathy?
- autonomic neuropathy
2. peripheral neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy
damage to nerves supply the skin, sweat glands, heart, blood vessels, sexual organs, and viscera involved in autonomic regulation
Peripheral neuropathy
damage to sensory nerves arising from the hands and feet
Diabetic foot pathology
- neuropathy
- fallen arches
- ulcers
- ischaemia
- charcot joints
- odema
The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary part of the effect nervous system. What does it control?
- regulates smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle and glands
- functions below the level of consciousness
Divided into two?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
parasympathetic is in control of?
- stimulates bile release
- stimulates flow of salvia
- constricts pupils
- slows heart beat
Sympathetic is in control of?
- eyes
- sexual organs
- bladder
- liver
- large intestine
- pancreas
- stomach
- sweat glands
Risk factors for develop type 2 diabetes?
- over weight
- poor diet
- alcohol consumption
Oral tablets used for diabetes
Metformin. Oral biguide hypoglycaemic agent.
- increases peripheral uptake of glucose by increasing the availability of insulin
Insulin used for diabetes?
Humalog. Fast acting insulin.
- best taken before or shortly after meals to lower blood glucose levels
Advantage.. using a chart to calculate insulin requirements is easy, although may be to generic and not specific enough for the patient
What is gastroparesis?
This is where the stomach cannot empty itself properly due to damage of the vagus nerve. Causes stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea.
How do you monitor renal functioning?
- creatine + estimated GFR
- albumin is monitored in the urine. Albumin leaks into the urine as the kidney filtration mechanisms become stressed and the pressure of the blood vessels in the kidneys increases.
What is retinopathy?
Blood vessel damage that can cause vision loss.
What are the two types?
- Macular odema
2. Proliferative retinopathy
Macular odema
fluid leaks into the part of the eye where sharp straight ahead vision occurs. Causes swelling and blurred vision
Proliferative retinopathy
fragile, abnormal blood vessels develop and leak blood into the centre of the eye causing blurry vision.
The five D’s
- deformaties
- degeneration of bones
- dislocation
- dense bone
- destruction of articular cartilage
Risk factors for diabetic foot?
- age above 40
- decreased peripheral pulse
- smoking
- diabetes for more than 10 years
