Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

Chronic metabbolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia

Caused by:

• Insulin deficiency
• Impared B-cell function/loss of insulin insensitivity

Question 2

Common signs + symptoms of diabetes

Answer 2

Polyuria

Glycosuria

Thirst

Fatigue

Blurred Vision

Infections

Question 3

Specific T1DM signs + symptoms

Answer 3

Weight loss

Ketoacidosis

Question 4

Specific T2DM signs + symptoms

Answer 4

Complications

Altered mental status

Question 5

Glycosuria + Osmotic Diuresis

Question 6

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?

Answer 6

Fasting > 7 mmol/L

Random > 11.1 mmol/L

HbA1C > 48 mmol/mol

Plasma glucose conc > 11.1 mmol/L, 2hrs after taking 75g glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test

Question 7

Hb1Ac

Answer 7

Combination of glucose + haemoglobin

Hb1Ac reflects average glucose in blood during last 2-3 months

Question 8

What is T1DM

• Onset
• Treatment

Question 9

What is T2DM

• Onset
• Speed of onset
• Treatment

Question 10

Secondary causes

Question 11

Aims of management

Question 12

Sources of insulin

Question 13

How is insulin classified

Question 14

How is insulin administered

Question 15

Cell replacement therapy for T1DM

Question 16

Acute complications of T1DM

Question 17

Causes of hypoglycaemia

Question 18

Signs + symptoms of hypoglycaemia

Question 19

Treatment for hypoglycaemia

Question 20

Ketogenesis

• 3 ketone bodies
• What inhibits/stimulates it
• What happens in starvation/T1DM

Question 21

Consequences of loss of insulin action

Question 22

Symptoms for increase glucose + increase ketones

Question 23

What happens if increase in glucose + ketones are not managed

Question 24

How to treat diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 25

How to monitor diabetes

Question 26

Drug options for T2DM

Question 27

Metformin

Question 28

Sulphonylurea

Question 29

Sulphonylurea

Answer 29

e.g. gliclazide, tolbutamide, gilbenclamide

Question 30

Prandial glucose regulators

Answer 30

e.g. repaglinide, nateglinide

Question 31

Which drugs stimulate insulin release?

Question 32

Pioglitazone

Answer 32

e.g. thiazolidinedione

Question 33

Acarbose

Question 34

Incretin mimetics/GLP-1 mimetics

Answer 34

e.g. exenatide, liraglutinide

Question 35

DPP-4 inhibitors (incretin enhancers)

Answer 35

e.g. saxagliptin, vildagliptin

Question 36

Benefits of incretins

Question 37

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Answer 37

e.g. dapagliflozin, canagliflozin

Question 39

Acute complications of T2DM

Question 40

What are the long-term complications of DM?

Question 41

What enhances development of complications?

Question 42

What can help with nephropathy complication?

Question 43

What causes microvascular complications?

Question 44

What causes macrovascular complications?

Question 45

How do we manage risk factors, such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, pro-coagulant states, in microvascular + macrovascular complications?