Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

P&A II final > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What characterizes diabetes mellitus?

A

Abnormal insulin production
Impaired insulin utilization
Or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can diabetes cause?

A

End-stage renal disease
Adult blindness
Non-traumatic lower limb amputations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are theories behind the causation of diabetes?

A

Genetics
Autoimmune (Type 1)
Viral
Environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is insulin normally metabolized?

A

Produced by the β cells of pancreas

Released continuously into bloodstream in small increments and released after food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does insulin secretion change throughout the day?

A

Small, steady secretion throughout the day
Spike after eating
Fall during the night time, facilitating the release of glucose from the liver, protein from muscle, and fat from adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Promotes glucose transport from bloodstream across cell membrane to cytoplasm of cell
Decreases glucose in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Enhances fat deposition
↑ protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What tissues are insulin-dependent?

A

Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do counter-regulatory hormones do?

A

Increase blood glucose levels
Provide regulated release of glucose for energy
Maintain normal blood glucose levels
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during the onset of DM1?

A

Long preclinical period
Manifestations develop when pancreas no longer produces insulin
Rapid onset of symptoms
Present at ED with ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the etiology and pathophysiology of DM2?

A

Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin.
Insulin produced is insufficient or poorly utilized by tissues.
Body becomes insulin resistant - receptors are unresponsive or insufficient in number -> hyperglycemia
Pancreas decreases ability to produce insulin
- Beta cells fatigued
- Beta cell mass lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during the onset of DM2?

A

Gradual onset
Person may go many years with undetected hyperglycemia.
Osmotic fluid/electrolyte loss from hyperglycemia may become severe -> hyperosmolar coma -> fluid pulled from cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are symptoms of DM1?

A

3 polys
Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are symptoms of DM2?

A 
Nonspecific symptoms
(May have classic symptoms of type 1)
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or candida infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the impaired fasting glucose of prediabetics?

A

100-125 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the healthy fasting glucose?

A

70-100 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the impaired glucose tolerance of prediabetics?

A

2 hour glucose between 140-199 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a healthy, prediabetic, and diabetic A1C?

A

4-5.7%
5.7-6.4%
>6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is A1C?

A

Average glucose level for the past 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the four method diagnosis?

A

A1C >6.5%
Fasting plasma glucose level >126 mg/dL
Random plasma glucose >200 mg/dL plus symptoms
Two hour OGTT level >200 mg/dL when a glucose load of 75g is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the preferred method of diagnosis?

A

Fasting plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ideal A1C goal for diabetics? Fair control? Poor control?

A

<7.0%
8-9%
>9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does abnormal A1C increase the risk of?

Study These Flashcards
A

Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

24
Q

What are the goals of diabetes management?

Study These Flashcards
A

Decrease symptoms
Promote well-being
Prevent acute complications
Delay onset and progression of long-term complications

25
What is included in diabetes management?
``` Patient teaching - Self-monitoring of blood glucose, etc. Drug Therapy - Insulin, oral agents, non-insulin injectable agents Nutritional Therapy - Counseling, education, monitoring - Exercise/Physical activity Regular, consistent exercise ```
26
Which are the rapid acting insulins?
Lispro (Humalog) Aspart (Novolog) Glulisine (Apidra)
27
What are the short acting insulins?
Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R, ReliOn R)
28
What are the intermediate acting insulins?
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N, ReliOn N)
29
What are the long-acting insulines?
Glargine (Lantus) | Determir (Levemir)
30
What is the onset, peak, and duration for rapid-acting insulins?
O: 10-30 min P: 30min-3hours D: 3-6 hours
31
What is the onset, peak, and duration for short-acting insulins?
O: 30-60 min P: 1-5 hours D: 6-10 hours
32
What is the onset, peak, and duration for intermediate-acting insulins?
O: 60-120 min P: 6-14 hours D: 16-24 hours
33
What is the onset, peak, and duration for long-acting insulins?
O: 70 min P: none D: 18-24 hours
34
How do you mix insulins?
Squirt 14 units of air into first bottle without touching insulin Wipe bottle top and squirt 4 units of air into the regular insulin bottle to be drawn up first Draw up 4 units of regular insulin before the other Swab second top and draw up 14 units of the other insulin and recap to give to patient Rotate bottle between hands - don't shake
35
What regimen most closely mimics endogenous insulin production?
Basal-bolus - Long acting (basal) once a day - Rapid/short-acting (bolus) before meals
36
How should insulin be stored?
In-use vials may be left at room temperature up to 4 weeks Extra insulin should be refrigerated. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight. Do not use expired insulin.
37
How can insulin be administered?
Subq or IV
38
In what order is insulin absorbed the quickest?
Abdomen, arm, thigh, butt
39
Which is the preferred site for insulin?
Abdomen
40
How many units is in 1 mL?
100 units
41
What are oral used for in DM2?
Insulin resistance Decreased insulin production Increased hepatic glucose production
42
What are the types of oral agents?
Biguanides – metformin (Glucophage) Sulfonylureas - glipizide (Glucotrol), glyburide (Micronase) Meglitinides – repaglinide (Prandin), nateglinide (Starlix) Thiazolidinediones – rosiglitazone (Avandia)
43
What is nutritional therapy like for the DM1 patient?
Meal plan based on individual’s usual food intake and is balanced with insulin and exercise patterns. Insulin regimen is managed day to day.
44
What is nutritional therapy like for the DM2 patient?
Meal plan is based on achieving glucose, lipid, and blood pressure goals. Emphasis placed on calorie reduction for weight loss
45
How should carbs and fats be distributed for the DM patient?
130g of carbs per day <200mg of cholesterol and trans fats <7% from saturated fats
46
How does alcohol affect glucose levels?
Can cause hypoglycemia from diuresing
47
Why is exercise important?
↑ insulin receptor sites Lowers blood glucose levels Contributes to weight loss (Monitor blood glucose levels before, during and after exercise)
48
How should a diabetic patient be treated if they're acting weird and are diaphoretic?
Give sugar first because there may not be sugar in the blood
49
What is hypoglycemia and when does it occur?
Blood glucose <70 mg/dL Too much insulin in proportion to glucose in the blood (Rapid drop in blood glucose level can also cause symptoms even if actual level is not less than 70)
50
How does hypoglycemia manifest?
``` Confusion Irritability Weakness Diaphoresis Tremors Hunger Visual disturbances Can progress to loss of consciousness, seizures, coma and death ```
51
What is the rule of 15?
Give 15g of a simple carb Wait 15 min then recheck blood glucose Repeat with another 15g until blood sugar is >70 mg/dL Have pt eat regularly scheduled meal to prevent rebound hypoglycemia
52
How do you treat a hypoglycemic patient that can't swallow?
1 mg glucagon IM or subq | Have patient ingest a complex carb
53
What are symptoms of hyperglycemia?
``` Increased urination Weakness Fatigue Blurred vision Headache Nausea Vomiting Stomach cramps ```
54
What are pharmacologic treatments of hyperlgycemia?
``` Insulin PO meds Non-insulin injectables IV fluids Electrolyte replacement In monitored settings, pt may be placed on insulin IV drip ```
55
What should you do with a patient who can't produce insulin and is hypoglycemic?
Give insulin because the body produces more glucose when hypoglycemic

P&A II final (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions