Diabetes

Question 1

Describe the blood of a T1DM patient?

Answer 1

Low/absent levels of circulating plasma glucose and high levels of glucose

pancreatic beta cells fail to respond to insulin secretory stumili

Question 2

What % of T1DM patients have circulating autoantibodies?

Answer 2

85%

Question 3

What genes and chromosome are associated with T1DM?

Answer 3

HLA genes found on chromosome 6

Question 4

How can further beta cell destruction and complications be prevented in T1DM?

Answer 4

With tight glycemic control

Question 5

What type of illnesses/diseases can also be associated with T1DM?

Answer 5

Viral infections

Question 6

Give an example of a viral infection that lead to the development of T1DM?

Answer 6

enterovirus

rotavirus

Question 7

Describe the pathophysiology of T1DM?

Answer 7

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells = loss of insulin production and therefore increased glucose concentration

Question 8

How would the pancreas present in T1DM?

Answer 8

Pancreas would show lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of pancreatic islet cells

Question 9

What are the 3 types of autoantibodies in T1DM?

Answer 9

Islet cells cytoplasmic autoantibodies
islet cell surface antigens
anti-GAD antibodies

Question 10

Which is the primary autoantibody found in T1DM?

Answer 10

Islet cells cytoplasmic autoantibodies

Question 11

What % of patients with T1DM have islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies present

Answer 11

90% of T1DM patients

Question 12

What do islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies in T1DM target?

Answer 12

target islet cell cytoplasmic proteins

Question 13

What do anti-GAD autoantibodies target in T1DM?

Answer 13

Against glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 14

What are the P’s present in T1DM?

Answer 14

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

Question 15

When does hyperglycaemia in T1DM develop?

Answer 15

When 80-90% of beta islet cells have been destroyed

Question 16

At what age is T1DM most likely to present?

Answer 16

5-15 years of age

Question 17

What happens in DKA?

Answer 17

Extreme insulin deficiency causes osmotic diuresis, dehydration and the formation of free fatty acids

Question 18

What would a random plasma glucose present in a T1DM patient?

Answer 18

> 11mmol/L

Question 19

How would a fasting plasma glucose present in a T1DM patient?

Answer 19

> 6.9mmol/l

Question 20

How would HbA1c of a T1DM patient present?

Answer 20

> 48mmol/L

Question 21

What autoimmune markers would be present in a T1DM patient?

Answer 21

ICCA
Anti-GAD
ICSA

Question 22

What is the target HbA1C in T1DM?

Answer 22

<48mmol/l

Question 23

What are the main aims of treatment in T1DM?

Answer 23

Prevent chronic complications and maintain blood glucose levels

Question 24

What is the treatment for T1DM?

Answer 24

Insulin therapy

Question 25

What is a major risk associated with insulin therapy?

Answer 25

Can cause severe hypoglycaemia

Question 26

how often should all diabetic patients be seen by the diabetic foot team

Answer 26

annually

Question 27

when would you do with a diabetic patient with reduced sensation of the of the foot

Answer 27

refer to diabetic foot centre

Question 28

what test is used to evaluate patients with polydipsia

Answer 28

water deprivation test

Question 29

list 3 causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 29

CKD
nephrotoxic drugs
metabolic disturbances