Diabetes

Question 1

features of type 1

Answer 1

insulin dependent

autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 2

features of type 2

Answer 2

non-insulin dependent
insulin resistance
defect in secretion

Question 3

diagnosis

Answer 3

fasting glucose and glucose test

Question 4

type 1 effects

Answer 4

hypoinsulinaemia (low insulin)
hyperglycaemia 
hyperlipidaemia 
hyperketonaemia 
uncontrolled catabolism

Question 5

insulin normal biochemical mechanisms

Answer 5

insulin causes: increased glucose uptake through GLUT4, increased FA uptake through LPL, decreased glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase) and decreased FA metabolism (decreased HSL)

Question 6

type 1 and polyuria

Answer 6

excess urine produced

saturation of glucose transporters in nephron, glucose into urine causing water to follow

Question 7

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 7

ketone bodies are acids, overwhelm normal buffering system
kussmaul respiration
smell of acetone
excess FA breakdown from lack of insulin signalling

Question 8

long term complications of type 1 uncontrolled

Answer 8

cardiovascular disease
nephropathy
retinopathy
neuropathy 
amputation
depression and dementia

Question 9

type 1 treatment

Answer 9

insulin injections
subcutaneous insulin infusion = insulin pumps
islet transplantation

Question 10

type 2 cause

Answer 10

peripheral tissues lose sensitivity to insulin

may be causes by adipokines, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity

Question 11

type 2 risk factors

Answer 11

obesity
genetics and ethnicity
age
social deprivation

Question 12

type 2 treatment

Answer 12

lifestyle through diet and exercise
metformin = increase insulin sensitivity
sulphonylureas = increase insulin sensitivity