Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus > Diabetes Clinical > Flashcards

Diabetes Clinical Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Normal HbA1c

A

< 5.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you prevent contrast nephropathy?

A

adequate hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LDL cholesterol goal of a patient with diabetes

A

< 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes melitus?

A

pancreatic B cells destruction by autoimmune process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What values will be low in DKA?

A

plasma bicarbonate
PCO2
hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Drug effective in treating diabetic gastroparesis

A

metoclopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major cause of death in T1DM

A

chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

partial or relative insulin deficiency may initiate the syndrome by reducing glucose utilization of muscle, fat, and liver while inducing hyperglucagonemia and increasing glucose output → obligatory water loss ensues → kidney function becomes impaired → hyperosmolality

A

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type 2 diabetic patients have mild type 1 form

A

latent autoimmue diabetes or adulthood (LADA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

an oral glucose tolerance test is normal if the fasting venous plasma glucose value is ____ and the 2 hour value falls below

A

<100

<140

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HbA1c in patient with Diabetes Melitus

A

> 6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
lab values for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS):
glucose
serum osmolality
pH
serum bicarb
A

glucose → > 600
serum Osm → > 310
no acidosis (>7.3)
Bicarb → > 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In sibling studies, which instance would result in the greatest chance that the sibling would take type 1 DM?

A

identical twins → 25-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how will the breathe of a patient in DKA be?

A

fruity smell → acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which cranial nerves are most often involved in mononeuropathy?

A

CN III, IV, VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A patient with HbA1c >6.5% has a substantially increased risk of ?

A

retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

acids that you can measure in diagnosing DKA

A

acetoacetic acid

B-hydroxybutyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most important factor causing insulin resistance

A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

circulating endogenous insulin is sufficient to prevent ketoacidosis but not in preventing hyperglycemia in the face of increased needs owing to tissue insensivity (insulin resistance)

A

Type 2 Diabetes Melitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what gene locus is involved in T1DM?

Specifically?

A

HLA

HLA DR3 and DR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome/Syndrome X

A 
elevated triglycerides
elevated LDL
lower HDL
high BP
hyperuricemia 
abdominal obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

signs and symptoms of DKA

A

polyuria
polydipsia
fatigue, nausea, vomiting
mental stupor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Your T1DM patient is experiencing unexpected fluctuations and variability in their blood glucose levels after meals - you should consider?

A

gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type 1 diabetes is more common in what countries?

A

Scandanavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
key issues with healing of neuropathic ulcers in a foot with good vascular supply is
mechanical unloading
26
treatment for DKA
IV insulin | potassium replacement
27
Symptoms and signs of T2DM
neuropathic or cardiovascular complications, chronic skin infections (pruritus or vaginitis), overweight/obese (increased waist circumference), mild hypertension
28
what will be elevated in DKA patient?
``` urine glucose urine ketones plasma glucose plasma ketones hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia BUN and SCr acidotic ```
29
What is a fasting place glucose level that would indicated diabetes mellitus?
>126
30
which test generally reflects state of glycemic control for preceding 1-2 weeks and is good to use if patient has abnormal hemoglobin or hemolytic states?
serum fructosamine
31
growth of new capillaries and fibrous tissue within the retina and into the vitreous chamebr
proliferative retinopathy
32
what is a normal fasting plasma glucose?
< 100
33
First thing you want to do in treating HHS?
fluid replacement
34
What do you use to examine a patient with sensory neuropathy?
5.08 Semmes-Weinstein filament
35
A fasting value of ___ or a 2 hour value of ____ during oral glucose tolerance test would indicated diabetes mellitus
>125 | > 200
36
nonenzymatic glycosylation of the lens protein is 2x as high in diabetic patients than non-diabetics and causes _____
diabetic cataracts
37
radioactive contrast material should not be given to a patient with serum creatinine
greater than 3 mg/dL
38
lab values of of DKA patient: glucose pH serum bicarb
> 250 < 7.3 < 15
39
patient presents with pain and swelling with "rocker bottom" deformity and ulceration → osteoclastic destruction leading to deranged and unstable joints in the midfoot
Charcot foot arthopathy
40
pharmacotherapy that can decrease microalbuminuria
antihypertensive → ACE inhibitors
41
diabetic ketoacidosis in T2DM is most likely due to
severe stress → sepsis or trauma, broken insulin pump
42
Clinical manifestations of peripheral vascular disease
ischemia of LE, ED, intestinal angina
43
three other things associated with hypoglycemic coma
severe insulin deficiency (DKA) mild-moderate insulin deficiency (HHS) lactic acidosis
44
denervation of small muscles of foot → clawing of toes and displacement of submetatarsal fat pads anteriorly leads to ____
increased plantar pressures → lead to calluses and ulcerations
45
proliferative retinopathy most commonly occurs in ___
type 1 DM
46
2 types of nerves most commonly involved in isolated peripheral neuropathy
cranial nerves and femoral nerves
47
two main categories of diabetic retinopathy
proliferative and nonproliferative
48
diabetics with history of MI or stroke should take ____
aspirin
49
Autoimmune markers for Type 1 DM
``` ICA (islet cells) GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) IAA (insulin) IA-2 (tyrosine phosphatase) ZnT8 (zinc transporter 8) ```
50
microaneruysms, dot hemorrhages, exudates, and retinal edema
nonproliferative "background" retinopathy
51
diabetic nephropathy is initially manifested by ____
albuminuria
52
skin manifestation associated with significant insulin resistance → axilla, groin, and back of neck
acanthosis nigricans
53
major cause of death in T2DM
macrovascular disease → MI and stroke
54
syndrome characterized by symmetric peripheral neuropathy associated with profound weight loss and painful dysesthesias affecting the proximal lower limbs, hands or lower trunk
diabetic neuropathic cachexia
55
Why is motor and sensory nerve conduction delayed in peripheral nerves?
longer nerves are more vulnerable
56
In a diabetic patient, excessive doses of insulin or oral hypoglycemic can result in
hypoglycemic coma
57
diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM is most commonly due to
increased insulin requirements during an event such as infection, trauma, MI or surgery
58
Cause of proliferative retinopathy
small vessel occlusion → retinal hypoxia → stimulate new vessel growth
59
heart disease in diabetics is due to
coronary atherosclerosis
60
what occurs first in distal symmetric pilyneuropathy?
sensory involvement
61
goal BP of patient with diabetes
<140/<90 → target is <130/<80
62
what drug is safe for diabetes in pregnancy?
glyburide
63
onset before age 25, nonobese, hyperglycemia is due to impaired glucose-induced secretion of insulin
MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young)
64
what can falsely lower HbA1c?
any condition that shortens the erythrocte survival or decreases mena erythrocyte age
65
Pros of using HgA1c to diagnose DM?
no need to fast less variation estimates glucose control for previous 2-3 months
66
How do you differentiate HHS from DKA?
HHS will not have elevated ketones
67
untreated T1DM is usually associated with ____
ketosis
68
Symptoms and signs of T1DM
polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, weight loss, increased appetite, paresthesia → hyperosmolality and hyperketonemia
69
"normotensive" diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have slightly elevated
nocturnal systolic blood pressure

Diabetes Mellitus (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions