Diabetes Drugs Flashcards
(34 cards)
What are the drugs used to treat diabetes?
- insulin preparations
- oral hypoglycemic agents
What type of diabetes does insulin preparations treat?
Type I and Type II
What are the rapid acting insulin preparations?
Crystalline zinc (Regular)
Insulin aspart
Lispro insulin
Insulin glulisine
Inhaled insulin
What is the onset, duration and peak of the rapid acting insulin preparations?
- onset: around 15-30 min
- peak: between 1-3 hours
- duration: around 3-6 hours
**crystallines duration is around 6-8 hrs
What is the onset, duration and peak of the intermediate and long acting insulin preparations?
onset: 1-2hrs
peak: 8-10 hrs
duration: around 12-24 hrs
What can alter the dose of insulin preparations?
Hyperthyroidism
Stress
Cessation of physical exercise
Increased food intake
Drug Therapy
What are the adverse reactions of insulin preparations?
hypoglycemia
local/systemic allergic reactions
What are the oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat Type II diabetes?
Sulfonylureas
Metaformin
Acarbose/Miglitol
Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone
Repaglinide/Nateglinide
Sitagliptins
Canagliflozin (flozins)
What are the injectable hypoglycemic agents used to treat Type II diabetes?
Liraglutide, Semeglutide, dulaglutide
Pramlintide
Tirzepatide
What is the duration of action for Sulonylureas?
10-24hrs
What is the MOA for sulfonylurea drugs?
Bind to ATP-sensitive K+ channels to increase secretion of insulin
What are the adverse effects of sulfonylurea drugs?
Hypoglycemia
GI symptoms
muscle weakness
weight gain
mental confusion
What is the MOA for Metaformin?
- ↓ hepatic glucose production
- ↑ GLP-1 —> insulin sensitivity
- Inhibits mitochondrial glycerophosphate
- Reduces intestinal absorption of
glucose
What are the adverse effects of Metaformin?
metallic taste
GI upset
anorexia
rarely lactic acidosis
What is the MOA for Acarbose/Miglitol?
inhibits alpha-glucosidase → delaying absorption of glucose and decreasing post-prandial glucose
What are the adverse effects of Acarbose/Miglitol?
bloating
flatulence
cramps
diarrhea
What is the MOA for Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone?
PPAR-γ agonist → ↑ insulin sensitivity → reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake
What are the adverse effects of Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone?
weight gain
edema
inc risk heart failure
increase risk bone fracture
What is the MOA for Repaglinide/Nateglinide?
Stimulate insulin secretion (same M/A as sulfonylureas)
What are the adverse effects of Repaglinide/Nateglinide?
- Shorter acting than sulfonylureas → take with meals
- weight gain
***less hypoglycemia than SUs
What is the MOA for Sitagliptin (Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Alogliptin)?
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4): ↑ GLP-1 and GIP → ↑ insulin, ↓ glucagon
What are the adverse effects of (Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Alogliptin)?
GI upset
hypersensitivity reactions
Weight neutral
minimal hypoglycemia
What is the MOA for Sitagliptin Canagliflozin/ Dapagliflozin/ Empagliflozin/ Bexagliflozin/ Ertugliflozin?
SGLT2 inhibitors in the kindeys → ↑ glucose excretion
What is Sitagliptin also used to treat?
Type II diabetes patients with CHF/CKD
