Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
(27 cards)
what is diabetes mellitus?
abnormality of GLUCOSE regulation
what is diabetes insipidus?
abnormality of RENAL FUNCTION (WATER)
Produce too much urine
what can exposure to chronic hyperglycaemia lead to?
increased risk of microvascular complications and long-term macrovascular disease
what tests are done to diagnose for diabetes mellitus?
- HbA1C
- Random plasma glucose
- fasting sugar + glucose tolerance test
Diabetes diagnostic reading for HbA1c?
> 48mmol/mol
OR 6.5%
Diabetes diagnostic reading for Random Plasma Glucose?
> 11.1mmol/L on 2 occasions
Diabetes diagnostic reading for Fasting sugar and Glucose Tolerance Test?
what does the HbA1C test measure ?
How long is the reading for
- Measure glycated haemoglobin,
- identifies average plasma glucose concentration
- data for 3 months
what does a resting blood glucose of 6.1-7.0 mmol/L suggest?
patient has Impaired Fasting Glucose, patient is likely to go on to develop diabetes
what does a blood glucose level of 7.8-11.1mmol/L, 2 hours after plasma glucose suggest?
patient has Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and is likely to go on to develop diabetes
what occurs in Type One diabetes mellitus?
- insulin deficiency
- caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells
what is the cause of type one diabetes?
interplay between genetic and environmental factors
what determines the clinical presentations of Type One diabetes?
rate of destruction of pancreatic B cells (normally 80-95% destroyed before time of presentation)
what can type one diabetes lead to?
- hyperglycaemia
- ketoacidosis
what circulating antibodies are present in patients suffering from T1 diabetes?
- GAD - glutamic acid decarboxylase
- ICA - Islet cell antibodies
- IAA- insulin autoantibodies
what is ketoacidosis?
condition in which the body cells cannot access glucose for metabolism so they start to metabolise fat which results in Ketones as end product (ketones are acidic)
what T1 diabetic patients typically present with ketoacidosis?
children
what age is the peak incidence of diabetes to show?
10-14 years (up to 60% of cases occur)
what is adult onset of diabetes known as?
LADA - latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (>25 years)
how does LADA present, compared to childhood/adolescence onset of diabetes?
- less weight loss
- less ketoacidosis
- GAD associated
what are the symptoms of T1 diabetes?
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- tiredness
what is polyuria?
- passing excessive urine
what is polydipsia?
extreme thirst/drink a lot
what occurs in an acute presentation of T1 diabetes?
- hyperglycaemia with diabetic symptoms
- ketoacidosis
