Diabetes - patho

Question 1

What is the main energy source for cell function

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

Why is insulin needed

Answer 2

to help glucose cross over the plasma membrane

Question 3

What are the islets of langerhans

Answer 3

tissue in the pancreas that produces insulin

Question 4

Action of insulin

Answer 4

lowers blood glucose through increased uptake of glucose into the cell, promotes gluconeogenesis

Question 5

Action of glucagon

Answer 5

raises blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis

Question 6

Action of somatostatin

Answer 6

inhibits insulin and glucagon to prevent fluctuations of blood glucose levels

Question 7

Diabetes

Answer 7

a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from the body’s inability to produce or utilize insulin

Question 8

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 8

the body does not produce insulin

Question 9

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

the body is resistant to insulin

Question 10

How does type 1 diabetes occur

Answer 10

T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells

Question 11

When is type 1 diabetes usually diagnosed

Answer 11

in kids or young adults

Question 12

How does type 2 diabetes occur

Answer 12

insensitivity of body cells to insulin due to down-regulation of the pancreas
the pancreas was working overtime to secrete extra insulin to bring blood sugar down

Question 13

What cells are the most resistant to insulin

Answer 13

fat cells

Question 14

How does gestational diabetes occur

Answer 14

Hormonal changes make the cells less responsive to insulin

Question 15

What can untreated gestational diabetes lead to

Answer 15

fetal defects, premature delivery, hypoglycemia in newborn, heavy birth weight

Question 16

How does hyperglycemia in a mother affect a fetus

Answer 16

the extra glucose gets into the baby’s bloodstream and causes the baby’s pancreas to work harder to produce more insulin

Question 17

What general type of injury is caused by chronic hyperglycemia

Answer 17

endothelial injury

Question 18

How does endothelial injury lead to the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels

Answer 18

inflammatory response, lipid and macrophage deposition

Question 19

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 19

breakdown of amino acids and fats to convert to glucose

Question 20

Glucogenolysis

Answer 20

breakdown of stored glycogen to get glucose

Question 21

Somogyi effect

Answer 21

blood sugar drops at night (hypo) –> hormone response to raise glucose levels –> high blood sugar in the morning (hyper)

Question 22

Does the somogyi effect occur in type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

Type 1

Question 23

What is the cause of the somogyi effect

Answer 23

having extra insulin in the body at bedtime

Question 24

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 24

growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol cause a release of large amounts of glucose into the blood stream causing hyperglycemia in the morning

Question 25

What should blood glucose levels and A1C levels be maintained at

Answer 25

70-140, <7%

Question 26

What is used to help control blood glucose when lifestyle changes are not adequate (in type 2)

Answer 26

metformin

Question 27

How does metformin work (class: biguanide)

Answer 27

acts as an insulin sensitizer to make the body tissues less resistant to endogenous insulin, inhibits hepatic synthesis of glucose

Question 28

Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)

Answer 28

nothing to eat or drink for 8 hours, result of 126 x2 confirms

Question 29

A1C-glycated hemoglobin

Answer 29

diagnose and monitor control over a 3 month period

Question 30

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Answer 30

ingests a specific amount of carbs, glucose is checked 2 hours later, greater than 200=diabetes

Question 31

Islet cell antibody test

Answer 31

presence of antibodies indicates type 1 diabetes

Question 32

C-peptide test

Answer 32

c-peptides are released when the pancreas produces insulin, type 2 diagnosis

Question 33

Glucosuria

Answer 33

extra glucose excreted in the urine

Question 34

ketonuria

Answer 34

presence of ketones in the urine reveals prolonged/uncontrolled diabetes