Diabetes Pre lecture Flashcards
(23 cards)
_____ is a main source stored as glycogen in a liver
Glucose
Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose is done by
▪Pancreatic hormones
▪Counter-regulatory hormones
▪Gut-derived hormones
Pancreas is a glandular organ and its functions are
Glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
▪ Plays fundamental role in digestion and food energy utilization
▪ Exocrine (digestion break down)
▪ Endocrine (regulates immediate utilization and storage of food energy)
Pancreatic islet have alpha alpha and beta cells
▪ Alpha cells Secrete glucagon
▪ Alpha cells also effect the breakdown of liver glycogen and ↑ glucose levels in the blood
Beta cells Secrete insulin & amylin
Beta cells also also↑ uptake of glucose into cells and facilitate conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
Functions of Alpha cell
Beta cells
D cells
F cells
Alpha cells secrete Glucagon
Beta cells secrete Insulin and Amylin
D cells (somatostatin)
F (pancreatic peptide)
Insulin is a ____
Anabolic hormone
Insulin functions are
It is a Key regulatory hormone of glucose disappearance
Secretion is regulated by glucose and incretin hormones
Increased during absorptive state and decreased during post-absorptive state
Insulin effects in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue are
It Inhibits hepatic glucose production and glucagon secretion
Stimulate glycogenesis in the liver
Stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissue
Amylin functions are
It is Co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli
It Inhibits postprandial glucose excursions:
It Suppresses digestive secretions and Slows gastric emptying
Glucagon is the _______
Catabolic hormone
Glucagon functions are
It is The major regulator of glucose appearance and Works antagonistically to insulin (and produce in response to low glucose levelHypoglycemia)
▪ Glucagon release is Inhibited by ↑ glucose levels and the presence of fatty acids and ketones
Glucagon release is Stimulated by ↓ glucose levels and the presence of amino acids
In normal homeostasis, the balance between _____ and _____ maintains normal glycemia.
counter-regulatory hormones and insulin
Glucagon – promotes _______
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases release of fatty acids from adipose cells
Epinephrine _____________
increases the use of fat for energy, promotes glycogenolysis inhibits insulin release
Growth hormone _________________
– decreases the peripheral use of glucose
• Cortisol – _______________________________
critical during periods of fasting and starvation; increase gluconeogenesis
Counteract the storage functions of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels
during periods of fasting, exercise, stress, and other situations that either limit glucose intake or deplete glucose stores
The function of the Gut in maintaining glucose levels is
Oral ingestion of food stimulates the release of incretin hormones from the small intestine
GLP-1 released from L cells of the ileum and colon
GIP released from K cells of the duodenum
GLP and GIP are
glucose-dependent and when glucose level is slow they stop working
Intestinal Hormones are _____
GIP and GLP-1
GIP functions are
it Acts at β cell
Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion
May act as an insulin sensitizer in adipocytes
GIP has no effect on glucagon secretion, gastric motility, or satiety
GLP-1 functions are
It Acts at α and β cells
It Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon secretion
Slows gastric emptying
Has a satiety effect on the brain
The kidney also plays an important role in glucose regulation are
1) release of glucose from glyconeogenesis
2) uptake of glucose from the body to meet the renal requirement
3) Glucose reabsorption in the tubule.
