Diabetes Type 1 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Diabetes
Chronic disease when either:
- The pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin
- body cant effectively use the insulin it produces
Diabetes can lead to
Heart disease
Stroke
Blindness
Chronic kidney disease
Acute kidney injury
Amputations
Pancreas endocrine function
Sends hormones from Islets of Langerhans into bloodstream
- insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
Islets of Langerhans 3 major cells
Alpha cell: glucagon
Beta cell: insulin
Delta cell: somatostatin
Pancreas exocrine function
Digestive enzymes released into ducts
- lipase, amylase, protease
Normal blood glucose
70-110
Two hormones that regulate blood glucose
Insulin: acts to dec glucose in blood
Glucagon: acts to inc glucose in blood
Insulin as a lock and key
When insulin is recognized by the beta cells of the pancreas it causes the glucose channels to open
Insulins effects
Hypoglycemic effect
- glucose entry into cell
- glucose storage as glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver
- inhibits breakdown of glycogen
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
Glucagon effects
Hyperglycemic effect
- causes blood glucose levels to rise
Drugs causing hypoglycemia
Alcohol
Lithium
ACE
Beta
Drugs causing hyperglycemia
Corticosteroids
NSAIDS
Diuretics
Type I Diabetes
5-10% of all DM cases
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Insulin dependent
Symptoms of Type I diabetes
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss
Blurry vision
Fatigue
Nausea
Hemoglobin A1C
Measures glucose control over 3 months
- Normal is < 5.7
- Diabetes is >6.5
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
If glucose is unable to be used in cells…. Lipids used as energy source…. Ketones are produced as waste products
High amount of ketones causes low pH of blood
Hypoglycemic symptoms
Sweating
Pallor
Irritability
Hunger
Lack of coordination
Sleepiness
Hyperglycemia symptoms
Dry mouth
Increased thirst
Weakness
Headache
Blurred vision
Frequent urination
Insulin aspart Novolog
O: 10-20th
P: 1-3hr
D: 3-5hr
Admin: SQ, Just before meal
Insulin regular
O: 30-60min
P: 2-4hr
D: 5-8hr
Admin: SQ, 30-60 minutes before meal, can be given IV
Insulin isophane NPH
O: 1-2hr
P: 4-12hr
D: 18-24hr
Admin: SQ, 30 min before first meal of day, can mix w short and rapid
Insulin glargine Lantus
O: 1.5hr
P: No peak
D: 24hrs
Admin: SQ, do not mix with other insulins
