Diagnosis of Viral Infections 1 & 2

Question 1

How many risk groups are there of infective micro organisms

Answer 1

4

Question 2

What is risk group 1?

Answer 2

Zero to low individual and community risk

Question 3

What is risk group 2?

Answer 3

Moderate individual risk, low community risk

Question 4

What is risk group 3?

Answer 4

High individual risk, low community risk

Question 5

T/F: A pathogen in risk group 3 causes serious human/animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one individual to another. They have effective treatment measures and preventatives

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What is risk group 4?

Answer 6

High individual and community risk

Question 7

T/F: Pathogens in risk group 4 usually cause serious human/animal diseases and is readily transmitted , directly and indirectly. There is usually no effective treatment or preventative methods

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What risk group(s) belongs to BSL-4?

Answer 8

Risk group 4

Question 9

What is a biohazard?

Answer 9

Biological substance that pose a threat to health of living organism, primarily humans

Question 10

What is biosafety?

Answer 10

The containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or accidental release

Question 11

Aerosol are very small droplets of fluid that spread via _____

Answer 11

Air

Question 12

For virus isolation, when should specimens be collected? Why?

Answer 12

Soon after the onset of symptoms because there is maximal amounts of viruses present at onset of signs

Question 13

How many blood specimens are usually collected for serological tests and when are they collected?

Answer 13

Two; one during acute phase and second during convalescence period

Question 14

How so some specimens be collected for molecular diagnostics?

Answer 14

Early part of illness

Question 15

What is associated with viral transport medium (VTM)?

Answer 15

Swabs

Question 16

What packing system should be followed while transporting infectious materials?

Answer 16

Basic triple packaging system

Question 17

T/F: Clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathology are ways to DX viral infections

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Cultivation/isolation in cell/tissue culture and inoculation in eggs can be used for _________ of viruses

Answer 18

Detection

Question 19

What method could be used to demonstrated and detect viruses that cannot be grown in-vitro?

Answer 19

Electron microscopy

Question 20

What are two types of electron microscopy that can be used?

Answer 20

1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

2. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Question 21

The method of TEM is based on what type of electrons?

Answer 21

Transmitted

Question 22

The method of SEM is based on what type of electrons?

Answer 22

Scattered

Question 23

Which electron microscopic method seeks to see what is inside and beyond the surface?

Answer 23

TEM

Question 24

Which method of electron microscopy produces 3D images?

Answer 24

SEM

Question 25

Which method of electron microscopy has higher magnification and greater resolution?

Answer 25

TEM

Question 26

What is a gold standard test?

Answer 26

Diagnostic test considered to be most accurate and best available under particular condition or set of conditions

Question 27

Sensitivity is the probability that cases _______ the infection will have __________test result and specificity is probability that cases _________ the infection will have ________ result

Answer 27

1. With 2. Positive 3. Without 4. Negative

Question 28

What color and type of tube is used or serum collection?

Answer 28

Red-top vacutainer tube

Question 29

What color and type of tube is used for plasma collection?

Answer 29

Lavender-top EDTA vacutainer tube

Question 30

What are the 4 type of ELISAs?

Answer 30

1. Direct ELISA 2. Indirect ELISA 3. Sandwich ELISA 4. Competitive ELISA

Question 31

T/F: For direct ELISA, the specificity of primary antibody is very important

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F: Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies are used to detect or quantify antigen concentration

Answer 32

False; enzyme-conjugated PRIMARY antibodies

Question 33

For indirect ELISA, enzyme-conjugated __________ antibodies are used to recognize __________ antibodies

Answer 33

1. Secondary | 2. Primary

Question 34

An antigen is measured between what to layers for a sandwich ELISA?

Answer 34

A layer of capture antibodies and layer of detection antibodies

Question 35

For a competitive ELISA, will a decrease or increase in signal indicate the presence of antigen in a sample?

Answer 35

A decrease

Question 36

What are two types of fluorescence antibody tests (FAT)?

Answer 36

1. Direct FAT | 2. Indirect FAT

Question 37

What is a direct FAT?

Answer 37

Labeled Ab are added to sample

Question 38

What is an indirect FAT?

Answer 38

Use fluorescent labeled secondary Ab to recognize primary antibody bound to antigen

Question 39

What is immunohistochemistry?

Answer 39

Antibody tagged with enzyme and enzyme reacts with substrate to produced colored product that be seen in infected cell under light microscope

Question 40

What is immunochromatography?

Answer 40

A form of point-of-care (POC) test/assay

Question 41

Agglutination is a method using the property of specific _______ to bind to many _________ into single clumps resulting in large complexes

Answer 41

1. Antibodies | 2. Antigens

Question 42

What property of the pathogen does hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test rely on?

Answer 42

The pathogens ability to nonspecifically agglutinate erythrocytes

Question 43

What kind of assay is an agar gel immunodiffusion test?

Answer 43

Serological assay

Question 44

In a compliment fixation test, if a patient has antibodies against virus A and the intact RBCs settle at the bottom, is that a positive or negative reaction?

Answer 44

Positive reaction

Question 45

In a compliment fixation test, if a patient is negative to virus A with no antibodies and the sheep RBCs have undergone destruction/hemolysis, is that a positive or negative reaction?

Answer 45

Negative reaction

Question 46

What is the neutralization of viruses?

Answer 46

Loss of infectivity through reaction of virus with specific antibody