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Diagnostic Significance of RBC Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes rouleau formation?

A

cells lose repelling forces

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2
Q

Name that morphology

A

rouleau

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3
Q

What is significant about seeing rouleaux formations in a blood smear?

A

seen with hyperglobulinemia a/o hyperfibrinogenemia
due to inflammation a/o dehydration

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4
Q

In which species is it “normal” to see rouleaux formations in healthy animals?

A

horses - form easily
dogs and cats too - moderate

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5
Q

Approximately what percentage of the blood smear should be affected before we consider a morphological change to be abnormal?

A

greater than or equal to 30%

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6
Q

Which area of the blood smear is the area of interest when looking at RBC morphology?

A

monolayer

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7
Q

How does agglutination form between RBCs? (usually)

A

usually caused by antibodies forming bridges between RBCs

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8
Q

1 differential when agglutination is observed on a blood smear

A

IMHA

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9
Q

Name that morphology

A

agglutination

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10
Q

How will agglutination affect the values in a CBC?

A

increased calculated Hct
decrease [RBC]
increase MCV

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11
Q

Explain the saline dilution (dispersion) test

A

used to determine the cause of agglutination
1 drop blood + 9 drops saline

agglutination resolves = inflammation a/o dehydration
agglutination persists = IMHA

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12
Q

Which species have a prominent central pallor in their RBCs? mild? none?

A

prominent = K9
mild = cattle
none = equine, fel

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13
Q

1 differential for polychromatophilic erythrocytes

A

RBC regeneration (accelerated erythripoiesis, regenerative anemia)

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14
Q

Name that morphology

A

polychromatophilic

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15
Q

1 differential for hypochromic erythrocytes when there is high MCV and low MCHC

A

regenerative anemia

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16
Q

What causes hypochromic RBCs to form?

A

incomplete Hgb synthesis

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17
Q

1 differential diagnosis for hypochromic RBC with low MCV and low MCHC

A

iron deficiency

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18
Q

Reticulocyte =

A

immature erythrocyte

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19
Q

What type of stain is used to identify reticulocytes?

A

NMB stain

(stain polychromatic with Wright’s stain - not specific to indentify reticulocytes)

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20
Q

Name that morphology

A

reticulocytes

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21
Q

Anisocytosis =

A

different sized RBC

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22
Q

What causes macrocytes to form?

A

incomplete maturation or skipped cell division

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23
Q

1 differential diagnosis for macrocytes in blood smear

A

RBC regeneration

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24
Q

Name that morphology

A

macrocyte

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25
What causes microcytes to form?
increased cell divisions during development
26
Which CBC analyte will we expect to be lower when microcytes are present?
MCV
27
#1 differential diagnosis for microcyte formation (and why)
iron deficiency because iron stops mitosis during erythropoiesis
28
Name that morphology
microcyte
29
Discocytes aka
normocytes
30
Name that morphology
discocytes
31
Poikilocyte =
abnormal erythrocyte shape
32
Echinocyte
spiny regularly spaced membrane projections
33
Name that morphology
echinocyte
34
What causes echinocytes to form?
membrane changes
35
#1 differential diagnosis for echinocytes
drying artifact
36
Acanthocyte
spur cell irregularly spaced, blunt membrane projections
37
What causes acanthocytes to form?
RBC trauma excess membrane lipid
38
Name that morphology
acanthocyte
39
#1 differential diagnosis for acanthocytosis
canine hemangiosarcoma
40
Spherocyte
spheroid, round, globoid cell decreased diameter, lacks central pallor
41
#1 differential diagnosis for spherocytosis
immune mediated hemolysis or partial hemolysis
42
Name that morphology
spherocytosis
43
Codocyte
target cell central focus of Hgb surrounded by ring of pallor
44
How are codocytes formed?
excess membrane relative to amount of Hgb
45
Differentials for codocytosis
regenerative anemia liver disease/toxemia -- all cells are affected Fe deficiency
46
Name that morphology
codocytes
47
Schizocyte
split, cut triangular, comma-shaped RBC fragment
48
How are schizocytes forms?
intravascular RBC trauma
49
#1 differential diagnosis for schizocytosis
DIC
50
Name that morphology
schizocyte
51
Keratocyte
helmet cell notched cell with 1-2 horn-like projections
52
What causes keratocytes to form?
intravascular RBC trama
53
#1 differential diagosis for keratocytosis
DIC
54
Name that morphology
keratocyte
55
Name that morphology
prekeratocyte (blister cell)
56
Name that morphology
eccentrocyte
57
What causes eccentrocytes to form?
oxidative damage to RBC membrane AND Hgb
58
#1 differential diagnmosis for eccentrocytosis
oxidative damage
59
Pyknocyte
spheroidal cell with condensed Hgb usually seen with eccentrocytes
60
What causes pyknocytes to form?
oxidative damage to membrane and Hgb
61
#1 differential diagnosis for pyknocytosis
oxidative damage same pathogenesis as eccentrocytosis
62
Name that morphology
pyknocyte
63
Elliptocyte
elliptical or oval cell
64
Which species are elliprocytes nirmal in?
camelids (camel, llama, alpaca...)
65
Name that morphology
elliptocyte
66
Which species are nucleated RBCs (and platelets aka thrombocytes) normal in?
fish, reptiles, avian, amphibians
67
What causes Heinz bodies to form? (PEQ)
oxidation of Hgb
68
In which species are Heinz bodies common/expected in?
feline
69
Name that morphology
Heinz bodies
70
What causes Howell-Jolly bodies to form?
nuclear remnant of chromatin left behind after mitosis of nRBC
71
Which species are Howell-Jolly bodies common in? Why?
feline because they have nonsinusoidal spleens
72
When are Howell-Jolly bodies expected to be seen?
increased erythropoiesis decreased splenic function/splenectomy
73
Basophilic stippling in RBCs
finely aggregated ribsomes that was not degraded
74
Name that morphology
Howell-Jolly bodies
75
Differential list for basophilic stippling
regenerative anemias canine lead poisoning (r/o anemia first)
76
Name that morphology
basophilic stippling
77
Rubricytosis
nucleated RBCs (nRBC) early or inappropriate release from bone marrow
78
Appropriate rubricytosis
in regenerative anemias - response to blood loss or hemolysis
79
Inappropriate rubricytosis
in nonregenerative anemias or w/o anemia - LEAD POISONING in dogs
80
Name that morphology
rubricytosis
81
How to calculate absolute nRBC?
nRBC included in total WBC absolute nRBA = n x WBC ------------- n + 100

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