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Science > DIAGNOSTIC STUDY SET > Flashcards

DIAGNOSTIC STUDY SET Flashcards

1
Q

Energy (e)

A

The ability to do work.

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2
Q

Kinetic Energy (KE)

A

The energy of motion.

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3
Q

Kinetic Energy math formula

A

mass*velocity squared/ 2

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4
Q

Potential Energy (PE)

A

The Energy of Position condition and shape.

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5
Q

Potential Energy math formula

A

PE= massgravityheight

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6
Q

Mechanical Energy (ME)

A

The total energy of motion and position.

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7
Q

Mechanical Energy math formula

A

ME= PE+KE

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8
Q

Thermal Energy (TE)

A

The total kinetic energy of all the particles that make up the whole object.

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9
Q

Chemical Energy (CE)

A

The energy of a compound changing as the rearranging of its atoms to form new compounds.

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10
Q

Electric Energy (EE)

A

The energy of moving electrons.

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11
Q

Sound Energy (SE)

A

Caused by the vibration of objects.

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12
Q

Light Energy (LE)

A

Produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles.

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13
Q

Nuclear Energy (NE)

A

Energy associated with changes in the nucleus of an atom.

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14
Q

Nuclear Fission

A

The process of a neutron splitting the nucleus.

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15
Q

Chain Reaction

A

A continuous series of fission reactions.

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16
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The combination of two nuclei.

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17
Q

The Law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary circumstances.

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18
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape, definite volume, particles vibrate in place.

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19
Q

liquid

A

Particles slide past each other, definite volume, takes shape of container.

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20
Q

Gas

A

Particles break away completely from each other, particles move independently of one another, takes shape of container, compressible.

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21
Q

Plasma

A

Does not have a definite shape or volume, conducts electric current, admits light.

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22
Q

Physical property

A

Matter can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.

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23
Q

Physical property examples

A

Color, state, odor, volume, mass.

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24
Q

Physical change

A

Change that affects one or more physical properties. It still maintains its original self.

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25
Q

Physical change examples

A

Breaking chalk, freezing water, cutting your hair.

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26
Q

Chemical property

A

Describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties.

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27
Q

Chemical property examples

A

Flammable, reacts with oxygen.

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28
Q

Chemical change

A

Occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties. (Can’t put back together with fingers.)

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29
Q

Chemical change examples

A

Baking a cake, soured milk.

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30
Q

Clues for chemical change

A

Color change, fizzing/foaming, heat, production of sound, light, new odor.

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31
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical means.

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32
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance composed of 2 or more substances that are chemically combined.

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33
Q

Mixture

A

A compound of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined.

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34
Q

Similarities between compounds and mixtures.

A

Both are made up of 2 or more materials, but compounds cannot be separated by physical means and a mixture can.

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35
Q

Similarities between elements and compounds.

A

Both cannot be separated by physical means, but a compound is made of 2 or more materials, and an element is not.

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36
Q

Change of state

A

The conversion of a substance from one physical form to another.

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37
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid. (32 degrees fahrenheit, 0 degrees celsius.)

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38
Q

Freezing point

A

The temperature at which changes a liquid into a solid.

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39
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which a liquid boils. (212 degrees fahrenheit, 100 degrees celsius.)

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40
Q

Condensation point

A

The state changes at which a gas becomes a liquid.

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41
Q

Condensation

A

Change of state from gas to a liquid.

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42
Q

Condensation example

A

Mirror.

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43
Q

Sublimation

A

Change of state from a solid directly to a gas.

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44
Q

Sublimation example

A

Dry ice.

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45
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance.

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46
Q

Atom Charge

A

Neutral/no charge

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47
Q

Nucleus

A

The tiny extremely dense, positively charged region in the center of an atom. (Has Protons and Neutrons)

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48
Q

Protons

A

The positively charged particles in the nucleus (CANNOT CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF PROTONS)

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49
Q

Neutrons

A

The particles in the nucleus that have no charge.

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50
Q

Electrons

A

Subatomic particles which orbit the nucleus of an atom and are negatively charged. Electrons are found outside the nucleus.(Virtually no mass)

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51
Q

Quarks

A

The smaller particles that make up protons and neutrons.

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52
Q

Quark Charge

A

Neutral/no charge

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53
Q

Isotope

A

An atom that has a different number of neutrons than usual. (Almost every atom)

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54
Q

An-Ion

A

Negative/gained electrons

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55
Q

Cat-Ion

A

Positive/lost electrons

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56
Q

Electron Energy

A

Any of the several different regions in which electrons travel about the nucleus.

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57
Q

Valence Shell

A

The outermost energy level around the nucleus.

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58
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons which are only found in the valence shell. (Atomic number -2)

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59
Q

Atomic Mass Unit

A

The SI unit used to express the masses of particles in an atom.

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60
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus.

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61
Q

Mass Number

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom.

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62
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

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63
Q

Metals

A

Found to the left of the zigzag line. (Solid at room temp, shiny and malleable, good conductor.)

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64
Q

Non-Metals

A

Found to the right of the zigzag line. (Most gasses at room temp, not malleable or shiny, poor conductors.)

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65
Q

Metalloids

A

Also called semiconductors, found at the border of the zigzag line. have properties of both metals and non metals.

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66
Q

Groups

A

Vertical columns of the elements on the periodic table. (Top to bottom.)

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67
Q

Periods

A

Horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table. (Side to Side)

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68
Q

Malleable

A

The ability of a metal to be hammered or rolled into a flat sheet.

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69
Q

Ductile

A

The ability of a metal to be pulled out, or drawn into a long wire.

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70
Q

Mendeleev

A

Periodic table by atomic masses.

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71
Q

Moseley

A

periodic table by atomic number.

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72
Q

periodic law

A

The chemical and physical properties of the elements and periodic functions of the atomic number.

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73
Q

Reactivity

A

The destruction of metal through rusting.

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74
Q

Corrosion

A

The ease and speed with which an element combines or reacts with other elements and compounds.

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75
Q

First 13 elements

A

Hydrogen, Helium,Lithium, Beryllium,Boron,Carbon,
Nitrogen,Oxygen,Fluorine,Neon,Sodium, Magnesium,Aluminum.

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76
Q

What are the families (from left the right.)

A

Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Transitional metals, Lanthanides, Actinides, Metals, Metalloids, Non-Metals, Halogen, Noble gasses.

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77
Q

How do atoms bond?

A

by gaining losing or sharing electrons to have a filled outermost energy level. (Valence shell)

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78
Q

Ionic bond

A

Force of attraction between opposing charged Ions. (Transfered or taken) Ionic bonds = metal+ nonmetal. Ionic bonds are also called metallic bonds.

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79
Q

Ions

A

An atom that has a different number of electrons than usual. Charged particles that form during chemical changes when one or more valence electrons transfer from one atom to another.

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80
Q

Covalent bonds

A

A force of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and electrons shared by the atoms. covalent bonds are also called molecular bonds. (Shared) Non-metal+Non-metal Metalloid+Non-metal.

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81
Q

Molecule

A

A neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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82
Q

Binary compounds

A

A compound which is composed of 2 elements.

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83
Q

Law of conservation of mass/matter

A

In a chemical reaction no mass is lost or gained

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84
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single compound.

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85
Q

Synthesis reactions examples

A

Sodium reacting with chlorine to form sodium chlorine.

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86
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.

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87
Q

Decomposition reaction examples

A

The break down of water into hydrogen and oxygen by process called electrolysis.

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88
Q

Single replacement reaction

A

a reaction in which an element takes the place of another element that is part of a compound

89
Q

Single replacement reaction example

A

Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chlorine and hydrogen gas.

90
Q

Double replacement reaction

A

A reaction in which ions in two compounds switch places.

91
Q

Double replacement reaction example

A

Sodium chloride reacting with silver fluoride to form sodium fluoride and precipitate silver chloride.

92
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which energy is released or removed.

93
Q

Exothermic reaction examples

A

Energy released when the chemical of a light stick combine when the stick is cracked

94
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed.

95
Q

Endothermic reaction example

A

Energy being absorbed by the chemicals in an instant ice pack when chemicals are combined.

96
Q

Do metals lose or gain electrons?

A

Lose

97
Q

Do metals lose or gain electrons?

A

Gain

98
Q

Four clues of a chemical reaction

A
  1. The formation of gas bubbles. 2. The formation of a solid in a solution. 3. Color change of substance. 4. release or absorb energy of any kind.
99
Q

Precipitate

A

The formation of a solid in a solution.

100
Q

Acid

A

Any compound that increases the # of hydrogen ions (H^+) when dissolved in water.

101
Q

Base

A

Any compound that increases the # of hydroxide ion (OH^-) when dissolved in water.

102
Q

Neutralization

A

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base solution to become neutral.

103
Q

Indicator

A

An organic compound that changes color in an acid or a base

104
Q

pH scale

A

A scale that ranges from 0-14 to determine pH.

105
Q

pH

A

Potential hydrogen

106
Q

Acid pH

A

0-6.9

107
Q

Base pH

A

7.1-14

108
Q

Is an acid corrosive?

A

Yes

109
Q

Is a base corrosive?

A

Yes

110
Q

Which has a sour taste?

A

Acid

111
Q

Which has a bitter taste?

A

Base

112
Q

Which has a slippery or soapy feel?

A

Base

113
Q

Which turns blue litmus paper red?

A

Acid

114
Q

Which turns red litmus paper blue?

A

Base

115
Q

What happens when they react?

A

They form salt and/or water

116
Q

What is temperature?

A

The measure of the average KE of the particles of an object.

117
Q

What is temperatures variables?

A

Does not vary with mass.

118
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

The increase of the volume of a substance due to an increase in the temperature. (Heat makes lower temperature objects expand.)

119
Q

What is the SI unit of temp?

A

Kelvin=K

120
Q

Freezing temps of water?

A

32°F, 0°C, 273 K

121
Q

Boiling temps of water?

A

212°F, 100°C, 373 K

122
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The lowest temp on the kelvin scale= 0 kelvin= no particle motion (Called 0K).

123
Q

What is heat?

A

The process of transferring energy between objects which are at two different temps. The thermal energy ALWAYS goes from the higher temp object to the lower temp object until both objects are at the same temp which is called thermal equilibrium.

124
Q

Heat variables?

A

Varies with mass and temp and specific heat capacity

125
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

The total KE of all the particles which make up the whole substance.

126
Q

Thermal energy variables?

A

Varies with mass and temp.

127
Q

What is the SI unit of thermal energy?

A

Joules= J

128
Q

What is thermal equilibrium?

A

When energy is transferred from a higher temp object to the lower temp object until both are at the same temp.

129
Q

What is conduction?

A

The transfer of energy from one substance to another through direct contact.

130
Q

What is a (Heat) conductor?

A

Substances that conduct thermal energy very well.

131
Q

Conductor example?

A

Iron skillet

132
Q

What is an (Heat) insulator?

A

Substances that do not conduct thermal energy very well.

133
Q

What is convection?

A

The transfer of energy by the movement (Circulation) of a liquid or a gas.

134
Q

What is radiation?

A

The transfer of thermal energy through matter or space as waves. (The Sun!)

135
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A

The rate at which a substance conducts thermal energy.

136
Q

What is a heat engine?

A

A machine that uses heat to do work. (2 types)

137
Q

What is an external combustion engine?

A

To burn fuel outside the engine.

138
Q

External combustion engine example?

A

Steam engine.

139
Q

What is an internal combustion engine?

A

To burn fuel inside the engine.

140
Q

Internal combustion engine example?

A

Car engine.

141
Q

What is a heat pump?

A

Moves energy to increase or decrease the temperature.

142
Q

What is a heat pump used for cooling?

A

Energy is taken from the air inside the house and the energy is pumped outside (A.C.) (Inside to outside)

143
Q

What is a heat pump used for heating?

A

Energy is taken from the air outside the house and the energy is pumped inside. (A Heater) (outside to inside)

144
Q

Law of Electric Charges

A

States that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

145
Q

Electric Force

A

The force between charged objects.

146
Q

Two factors determining the strength of electrical force are?

A

1: size of the charges
2: distance between charges

147
Q

Conductor (Electrical)

A

materials in which charges can move easily

148
Q

Insulator (Electrical)

A

materials in which charges cannot move easily

149
Q

Static electricity

A

The build up of electric charges on an object. ( An object charges by friction because of the rubbing of two objects together can cause electrons to be whipped from one object and transferred to another)

150
Q

Electric discharge

A

The loss of static electricity as charges move off an object

151
Q

Electric discharge example

A

Walking on carpet with your fuzzy socks on, negatively charge builds up on your body. touching a metal door knob.

152
Q

Cell

A

A device that produces an electrical current by converting chemical energy into electric energy.

153
Q

Battery

A

A device made up of several cells.

154
Q

Current

A

The rate at which charge passes through a given point.

155
Q

Current SI unit?

A

Amps

156
Q

Resistance

A

The opposition to the flow of electric charge.

157
Q

Electrical power

A

the rate at which electrical energy is used to do work.

158
Q

Circut

A

a complete closed path through which electric charges flow.

159
Q

Voltage

A

the amount of energy released as a charge moves between 2 points in the path of a current

160
Q

What is the SI unit of power?

A

Watts

161
Q

Magnet

A

any material that attracts iron or materials containing iron

162
Q

magnetic poles

A

part of a magnet where the magnetic effects are the strongest

163
Q

magnetic field

A

exist in the region around a magnet in which magnetic forces can act

164
Q

Electromagnetism

A

interaction between electricity and magnetism

165
Q

Electromagnet

A

a magnet that consists of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core

166
Q

Electric motor

A

a device that changes electrical energy into KE

167
Q

Ohms law

A

V=IR

168
Q

Resistance formula

A

R=V/I

169
Q

Current Formula

A

I=V/R

170
Q

Motion

A

an objects change in position over time when compared with a reference point

171
Q

Speed

A

the rate at which an object moves

172
Q

Velocity

A

the speed of an object in a particular direction.

173
Q

Velocity formula

A

d/t plus direction

174
Q

speed formula

A

d/t

175
Q

speed si unit

A

m/s

176
Q

velocity si unit

A

m/s^2

177
Q

acceleration

A

the rate at which velocity changes

178
Q

calculate acceleration

A

A= (Vf-Vi)/t

179
Q

Force

A

a push or a pull

180
Q

force si unit

A

Newtons

181
Q

Inertia

A

objects resist any change in motion, Newtons first law

182
Q

what is centrifugal

A

spin away from center

183
Q

what is centripetal

A

Spin to center

184
Q

friction

A

a force that opposes motion

185
Q

Gravity

A

a force of attraction between objects which is due to their masses

186
Q

weight

A

a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

187
Q

weight si unit

A

Newtons

188
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

189
Q

mass si unit

A

Grams

190
Q

Newtons 1st

A

an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless the object is acted upon by an unbalanced force

191
Q

Newtons 2nd

A

the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied

192
Q

2nd law formula

A

F=ma

193
Q

Newtons 3rd

A

whenever one object exerts a force on a second object the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first

194
Q

Momentum

A

a property of a moving object that depends on the mass and velocity

195
Q

momentum formula

A

P=mv

196
Q

Law of conservation of momentum

A

anytime two or more objects interact, they may exchange momentum, but the total amount of momentum stays the same

197
Q

Machine

A

a device which helps make work easier by changing the size, direction, or both size and direction.

198
Q

Simple machine

A

a device that completes a task and makes work easier.

199
Q

work input

A

the work done ON a machine

200
Q

work output

A

work done BY a machine

201
Q

mechanical advantage

A

a number/factor which tells how many times a machine multiplies force.

202
Q

formula for calculating mechanical advantage

A

MA=output force/input force

203
Q

Efficiency

A

the measure of how close the machines output is to its input

204
Q

formula for efficiency

A

Efficiency=(output force/input force)X100=?%

205
Q

lever

A

machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point

206
Q

what is the fixed of a lever called

A

fulcrum

207
Q

inclined plane

A

a machine which is a straight, slanted surface, ramp.

208
Q

wedge

A

a machine which consists of a double inclined plane that moves. (Axe)

209
Q

Screw

A

a machine which is a inclined plane wrapped around a central cylinder

210
Q

wheel and axle

A

a machine consisting of 2 circular objects of different sizes.

211
Q

pulley

A

a machine consisting of a grooved wheel which holds a rope or cable

212
Q

Compound machine

A

a machine that consists of two or more simple machines.

213
Q

work

A

he action that results when a force causes an object to move in the direction that the force was applied

214
Q

work formula

A

W=Fd

215
Q

si unit for work

A

Joules

216
Q

Power

A

the rate at which work is done

217
Q

Power formula

A

P=w/t

218
Q

Si unit for power

A

Watts

Science (10 decks)

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