Diagnostic Surgical Procedures

Question 1

Endoscopy Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
In cystoscopy, the practitioner inserts a catheter into the hollow channel in the cystoscope to collect tissue samples or introduce contrast media during radiography. (See Fig. 11-7.)

Answer 1

cystoscopy (cysto)
sĭs-TŎS-kō-pē
cyst/o: bladder
-scopy: examination

Question 2

Laboratory
Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
Because the kidneys clear urea from the bloodstream, the BUN test helps evaluate kidney function.

Answer 2

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
ū-RĒ-ă NĪ-trō-jĕn

Question 3

Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
The practitioner may order a urine C&S test when a patient has chronic bladder infections or one that is unresponsive to treatment.

Answer 3

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Question 4

Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
UA not only provides information on the urinary structures but may also be the first indicator of such system disorders as diabetes and liver and gallbladder disease.

Answer 4

urinalysis (UA)
ū-rĭ-NĂL-ĭ-sĭs

Question 5

Imaging
A noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention
During the examination, the practitioner directs sound waves into the bladder area and records images on a computer. (See Fig. 11-8.)

Answer 5

bladder ultrasound

Question 6

intra-: in, within
ven: vein
-ous: pertaining to
pyel/o: renal pelvis
-graphy: process of recording
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
IVP detects kidney stones, enlarged prostate, internal injuries after an accident or trauma, and tumors in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Answer 6

intravenous pyelography (IVP)
ĭn-tră-VĒ-nŭs pī-ĕ-LŎG-ră-fē

Question 7

Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
Renal nuclear scan evaluates the structure and function of the kidneys. It determines the size, shape, and position of the kidneys. It also determines the amount of blood filtered through the kidneys and evaluates kidney transplant to identify signs of rejection.

Answer 7

renal nuclear scan
RĒ-năl
ren: kidney
-al: pertaining to

Question 8

X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
VCUG helps determine the cause of repeated bladder infections or stress incontinence and identify congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the bladder and urethra.

Answer 8

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
sĭs-tō-ū-rē-THRŎG-ră-fē
cyst/o: bladder
urethr/o: urethra
-graphy: process of recording

Question 9

Surgical
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)
The surgeon usually places the new kidney below the diseased one for ease in attaching it to existing blood vessels. The diseased kidney usually remains in place unless there is concern that it will cause infection, uncontrolled hypertension, or reflux to the kidneys. (See Fig. 11-9.)

Answer 9

kidney transplant

Question 10

Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
Besides providing for urine drainage, nephrostomy may help access the kidney, evaluate kidney function, or deliver medications. (See Fig. 11-10.)

Answer 10

nephrostomy
nĕ-FRŎS-tō-me
nephr/o: kidney
-stomy: forming an opening (mouth)

Question 11

Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
Indwelling stents require constant monitoring because they may lead to infections, blockages, or stone formation. To avoid complications, they must be removed or changed periodically. (See Fig. 11-11.)

Answer 11

ureteral stent placement
ū-RĒ-těr-ăl
ureter: ureter
-al: pertaining to

Question 12

Therapeutic
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
Dialysis allows patients with kidney failure a chance to live productive lives.

Answer 12

dialysis
dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs
dia-: through, across
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening hemodialysis
hē-mō-dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs
hem/o: blood
dia-: through, across
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening

Question 13

Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream (See Fig. 11-12.)

Answer 13

hemodialysis
hē-mō-dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs
hem/o: blood
dia-: through, across
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening

Question 14

Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution (See Fig. 11-13.)
Peritoneal dialysis is less restrictive on the patient than hemodialysis because it allows for self-treatment at home or while on trips.

Answer 14

peritoneal dialysis
pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĒ-ăl
peritone: peritoneum
-al: pertaining to
dia-: through, across
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening