Dialects Flashcards
What is Dialect Leveling?(2)
When one particular dialect is used through education and broadcasting
It can also occur because of increased contact between dialect groups
What is a Register?
What does this depend upon?
A speaker’s use of particular features
On the context and conversational partners
What do we call the extent of someone’s use of dialectical features?
What does this depend on? (3)
Dialect density
Socio-economic status
Geography
Education
What is Gradient Stratification?
How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?
Systematic differences in the use dialect features
More features of AAE were used in those in lower SE groups than in higher ones
What is Sharp Stratification?
How does this relate to AAE (African-American English)?
Linguistic features that clearly differentiate SE groups based on frequency of usage
Substitution of /f/ for /θ/ denotes identification of working class
What is the most important position to pay attention to in AAE?
Initial
Are the phonetic skill of children speaking AAE similar to those speaking GAE?Are phonemes acquired at the same rate? How? (3)
Yes
No
Those speaking GAE acquired /θ/ earlier
Those speaking AAE acquired /s, z/ early but had more stop, fricative, and affricate errors
What are three consonant patterns in EAE (Eastern American English)?
/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)
Glottalization (/bɑtəl/ -> /bɑʔəl/)
/t, d/ Substitution for /θ, ð/ (/ðɪs/ -> /dɪs/)
What are three consonant patterns in SAE (Southern American English)?
Velar Fronting (/rʌnɪŋ/ -> /rʌnɪn/)
/j/ Addition (/nu/ -> /nju/)
Voicing Assimilation (/grisi/ -> /grizi/)
What sorts of information do SLPs need to gather when assessing individuals whose home language is not English?(4)
Segmental
Prosodic
Syllabic
Developmental
How do Spanish dialects tend to vary?
Why is this important to SLPs?
Consonant sound classes
We need to know the child speaks Spanish and the dialect of Spanish
What are the first kinds of syllables spoken by Spanish-speaking infants?
CV containing oral and nasal stops and front vowels
What have Spanish-speaking children mastered by 3.5 years?(3)
Dialect features of their community
Vowel system
Majority of consonants
What have Spanish-speaking infants mastered by 18 months?
All vowels
What consonants do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?(2)
Consonant clusters
Phonemes including /ð, s, ʃ, ʧ, ɾ, r, l/
What phonological processes have TD developing Spanish-speaking children mastered at the end of preschool?(4)
Cluster reduction
Unstressed syllable deletion
Stridency deletion
Tap/trill deviation
What phonological processes do TD developing Spanish-speaking children exhibit difficulty with at the end of preschool?(5)
Velar and palatal fronting
Prevocalic singleton omission
Stopping
Liquid simplification
Assimilation
When does perceptual discrimination of tones begin in infants?
As early as 10 months
What do infants learn first: segments or tones?
Tones
Phonological development in bilingual children is ______ than monolingual children.
Could they differentiate each phonology?
Slower
Yes
What is interesting about error patterns in bilingual children?
They exhibit a larger number of errors and atypical errors
What does Negative Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages slower than his monolingual peers
What does Positive Transfer mean?
Child develops phonological skills in both languages faster or commensurate with his monolingual peers.
Do most studies show that the language ability of bilingual children is commensurate with their monolingual peers?(2)
Yes, They catch up eventually
