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diarrhoea Flashcards

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1
Q

melaena apperance

A

dark tarry faeces

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2
Q

melaena cause

A

digested blood from upper GIT

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3
Q

dyschezia

A

difficult or painful pooing

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4
Q

haematochezia

A

fresh blood in poo

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5
Q

haematochezia cause

A

bleeding in lower intestine

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6
Q

tenesmus

A

ineffectual straining to poo

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7
Q

4 small intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs

A
  • large volume
  • some weight loss
  • vomiting
  • loss of general condition
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8
Q

6 large intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs

A
  • mucous
  • frequent
  • tenesmus
  • dyschezia
  • weight loss
  • vomiting
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9
Q

4 small intestine diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • diet
  • helminths
  • protozoa
  • iatrogenic
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10
Q

5 causes of small intestinal diarrhoea with systemic signs

A
  • bacterial infection
  • viral infection
  • pancreatitis
  • haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
  • toxins
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11
Q

2 bacterial causes of diarrhoea

A
  • salmonella

- campylobacter

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12
Q

3 viral causes of diarrhoea

A
  • distemper
  • parvo
  • panleukopenia
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13
Q

4 large intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • whipworms
  • clostridia
  • giardia
  • campylobacter
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14
Q

3 chronic small intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • metabolic
  • pancreatic
  • intestinal
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15
Q

3 metabolic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea

A
  • hepatic disease
  • hyperthyroidism
  • renal insufficiency
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16
Q

2 pancreatic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea

A
  • exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

- chronic pancreatitis

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17
Q

5 differential diagnosis for chronic large intestinal diarrhoea

A

intestinal

  • IBD
  • polyps
  • allergy
  • neoplasia
  • chronic partial obstruction
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18
Q

exploratory laparotomy mortality

A

20%

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19
Q

2 allergic cause of diarrhoea symptoms

A
  • chronic intermittent diarrhoea

- hair loss due to itching. cats (face and ears) dog (axillary area and paws)

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20
Q

treatment for diarrhoea caused by allergies

A

elimination diet. should stop signs in 2 weeks then continue for 6-8 to make sure right one.

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21
Q

antibiotic response diarrhoea clinical signs

A
  • chronic small intestinal or mixed diarrhoea
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22
Q

IBD diagnosis

A

by elimination of all ddx

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23
Q

treatment of IBD in dog

A
  • try elimination diet
  • then put on metronidazole
  • then try steroids
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24
Q

treatment of IBD in cat

A

elimination diet if not work straight onto prednisolone

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25
define protein losing enteropathy
syndrome of intestinal diseases which cause increased permeability to plasma proteins meaning that they get lost in the intestinal lumen, or due to lymphatic blockage
26
protein losing enteropathy bloods show
- low albumin | - low globulins
27
3 causes of protein losing enteropathy
- IBD - lymphangiectasia - neoplasia
28
5 clinical signs of protein losing enteropathy
- diarrhoea - vomiting - anorexia - weight loss - ascites
29
3 factors to consider FA diarrhoea
- pathogens - animal factors (age) - management/environmental
30
E. Coli on faecal culture
not significant as will grow on any faecal culture
31
colisepticaemia
extraintestinal infection of E.Coli
32
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E.Coli
33
age of presentation for neonatal enteritis
1-3 weeks
34
2 factors required for ETEC pathogenesis
- adhesive fimbriae | - enterotoxin
35
ETEC LT
- labile toxin - similar to cholera - attaches to brush border of small intestine
36
ETEC ST
- stable toxin | - short lived
37
2 ETEC enterotoxins
- ST stable toxin | - LT labile toxin
38
STEC
shiga toxin producing E.Coli
39
shiga toxin is encoded by..
bacteriophage which infects E.Coli
40
STEC causes in calves
- haemorrhagic colitis | - haemolytic uraemic syndrome (renal failure)
41
Age of rotavirus infection in calves
1-3 weeks
42
morbidity and mortality of rotavirus calves
- high morbidity (lots infected) | - low mortality (few die)
43
areas of small intestine infection rotavirus
- duodenum | - jejunum
44
coronavirus age of infection calves
older calves than rotavirus
45
mortality of coronavirus compared to rotavirus
slightly higher
46
areas if infection coronavirus
- ileum, caecum, colon | - also cause respiratory disease
47
salmonella in faecal culture
always significant
48
samonella causes in cows
- systemic illness | - pyrexia
49
salmonella transmission
chronic infection is passed at times of stress e.g. parturition
50
age of coccidiosis infection
older weaned calves
51
coccidiosis clinical signs
- blood stained poo | - subclinical
52
3 differential diagnosis adult cattle diarrhoea
- johnes disease - SARA - salmonella
53
cause of johnes disease
MAP mycobactirium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
54
MAP1 causes
- severe diarrhoea - weight loss - v. infectious
55
treatment MAP1
no cure.
56
MAP2 acquired
at a young age, clinical signs don't show for a few years though
57
`5 methods MAP diagnosis
- faecal culture - ELISA - PCR - gut biopsy - necroscopy (autopsy)
58
GIT upper intestine obstruction 6 presentations
- acute and severe - vomiting - metabolic alkalosis - dehydration - decreased renal flow - uraemia
59
lower intestine obstruction presentation
- less acute than upper intestinal obstruction - some vomiting - fluid being reabsorbed proximal to obstruction - pressure from fluid can cause ulceration, infarction, haemorrhage and peritonitis
60
what will chronic lower intestine obstruction cause
- dehydration - catabolism of muscle and fat producing ketoacids - metabolic acidosis
61
5 mechanisms for bacterial diarrhoea
- altered epithelial cell transport - altered structure and permeability - osmotic effects - altered motility - damage to colonic mucosa
62
what part of intestinal wall does rotavirus infect
upper part of villi. not crypts
63
what part of intestinal wall does parvovirus infect
crypts, so the villi cant grow back
64
3 types of IBD
- lymphoplasmacytic - eosinophilic - granulomatous
65
cause of IBD
polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes (TLR) which bind to microbes based on the receptors
66
grass sickness horse cause
botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. which affects the autonomic nerve ganglia so stopping peristalsis on the gut
67
acute presentation of grass sickness horse
- nasogastric reflux - oesophageal ulceration - gastric dilation/rupture
68
chronic/subacute presentation grass sickness horse
- weight loss - muscle tremors - rhinitis sicca - dysphagia - patchy sweating - constipation - large colon impaction
69
rhinitis sicca
inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes resulting in chronic dryness
70
prevention of grass sickness
vaccination
71
diarrhoea in adult horses is usually from
large intestine
72
diarrhoea in foals is from
large or small intestine
73
4 causes of young foal diarrhoea
- foal heat diarrhoea - viral - clostridial - salmonella
74
4 causes of older foal diarrhoea
- parasitic - proliferative enteropathy - salmonella - clostridia
75
endotoxin is released by
gram negative bacteria during rapid cell growth or cell death
76
endotoxin (endotoxaemia) causes 5 things
- systemic inflammation - CV and GI dysfunction - shock - organ failure - death
77
9 clinical signs of endotoxaemia
- fever - depression - tachypnoea - tachycardia - diarrhoea - colic - hyperaemic mucous membranes - decreased WBC count - decreased neutrophils with immature band neutrophils
78
treatment endotoxaemia
- neutralisation - prevent release or production - prevent inflammatory response - stop endotoxin induced cell activation use polymixin B, pentoxifylline, or flunixine

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