Dickens

Question 1

Chemical messengers made by endocrine cells and secreted into the bloodstream

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

Hormones affect?

Answer 2

gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 3

Hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

Answer 3

Autocrine

Question 4

Hormones that act on cells other than the ones that secreted them

Answer 4

Paracrine

Question 5

Name the four types of hormones

Answer 5

Steroids
Amine (amino acid-derived)
Peptide (usually lumped w/ polypeptide)
Polypeptide

Question 6

Cellular signal transduction cassettes ____, ____, and ____ external signals

Answer 6

detect
amplify
integrate

Question 7

Specific cell surface receptors, effector signaling elements, and regulatory proteins comprise

Answer 7

Cellular signal transduction cassettes

Question 8

First 3 steps of cell signaling and response

Answer 8

1. Synthesis of signaling molecule (ligand)
2. Release of signaling molecule (ligand)
3. Transport of signaling molecule to target cell

Question 9

Ligand binding by a specific receptor protein causes

Answer 9

A change in conformation

Question 10

Steps of cell signaling and response post ligand binding

Answer 10

1. Change in cellular metabolism, function, or development = cellular response
2. Removal of ligand, terminating cellular response
3. Degradation of ligand

Question 11

Steroid hormones have a ____ precursor and include (3)

Answer 11

Cholesterol

1. Corticosteroids
2. Androgens
3. Estrogens

Question 12

Steroid hormones immediately diffuse out of ____ cells into ____

Answer 12

endocrine cells

bloodstream

Question 13

Steroid hormones are ___ soluble

Answer 13

lipid soluble

*can cross cell membrane

Question 14

Steroid hormones targets are located ____ target cells

Answer 14

inside

*Intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors

Question 15

Steroid hormones are ___ acting/____ half-life than peptide hormones

Answer 15

slower acting

longer half-life

Question 16

Amine hormones are ___ or ___ derived and are stored in _____ cells until secreted

Answer 16

Tyrosine or Tryptophan

endocrine cells

Question 17

Amine hormone receptors can be located:

Answer 17

On the cell surface or intracellular

Question 18

_____ hormones do not immediately enter bloodstream

Answer 18

Polypeptide

*can be stored in endocrine cell vesicles

Question 19

Polypeptide hormones are water ____, so they ___ pass through cell membrane

Answer 19

soluble

do NOT

Question 20

Polypeptide hormones are termed “first messengers” because they bind to ___ ___

Answer 20

external receptors

Question 21

Intracellular effects of polypeptide hormones are mediated by “____ ____”

Answer 21

second messengers

*internal reactions

Question 22

Second messengers are low MW signaling molecules, 2 examples are

Answer 22

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Calcium

Question 23

G-protein coupled receptors are ____ membrane proteins

Answer 23

integral

*have an extracellular N-terminus

Question 24

G-protein coupled receptors have _ transmembrane spanning _-____

Answer 24

7
alpha-helices
*ligand binds to pocket

Question 25

G-protein coupled receptors have _ extracellular and intracellular loops

Answer 25

3 | *third intracellular loop recruits G-protein

Question 26

G-protein coupled receptors have an intracellular _-____ tail membrane

Answer 26

C-terminal

Question 27

G-protein coupled receptors have no intrinsic ____ domains

Answer 27

catalytic

Question 28

G-protein (guanine nucleotide-binding) activates _____ _____

Answer 28

adenylyl cyclase | *converts ATP to cAMP

Question 29

cAMP activates ___ ___ in the cytosol, signaling cascade

Answer 29

protein kinases

Question 30

______ inactivates cAMP, which turns off the cell response

Answer 30

Phosphodiesterase

Question 31

Which G-protein subunit confers activity? What does it contain?

Answer 31

alpha-subunit | GTP-binding site and an intrinsic GTPase activity

Question 32

What two bacterial toxins target G- proteins?

Answer 32

``` cholera toxin pertussis toxin (whopping cough) ```

Question 33

Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors have no _____ enzymatic activity

Answer 33

intrinsic

Question 34

Ligand binding to a tyrosine kinase-linked receptor forms _____ that activates tyrosine kinases that _______ downstream targets, signal cascade

Answer 34

dimers | phosphorylate

Question 35

Intrinsic enzymatic activity receptors are _____- triggered protein kidases

Answer 35

ligand

Question 36

How are intrinsic enzymatic activity receptors similar to tyrosine-linked receptors?

Answer 36

form dimers upon ligand binding

Question 37

_____ complex of can directly act as a tyrosine kinase (phosphorylates other kinases)

Answer 37

ligand/receptor

Question 38

Ligand binding to this type of receptor causes a conformational change of the receptor

Answer 38

Ion-channel receptor

Question 39

The conformational change of an ion channel receptor allows what to flow through the channel?

Answer 39

specific ions (sodium, potassium)

Question 40

The ______ toxin prevents release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter and cleaves proteins involved in docking of neurotransmitter vesicles

Answer 40

Botulinum | *affects ion-channels indirectly*

Question 41

Calcium binds to _____ protein inducing a conformational change. Two globular domains are joined by a long alpha-helix

Answer 41

calmodulin

Question 42

Calcium/calmodulin complex binds to and modifies target proteins (_____) that initiate signal cascade

Answer 42

kinase

Question 43

Second messenger responsible for calcium mobilization

Answer 43

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)

Question 44

PIP2 is hydrolyzed by PIP2 specific phopholipase C (PLC) to generate two second messengers ______ and ____

Answer 44

``` Inositol triphosphate (IP3) Diacylglycerol (DAG) ```

Question 45

A second messenger formed from the hydrolysis of PIP2 that is water soluble and mobilizes calcium

Answer 45

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

Question 46

This second messenger is anchored in the plasma membrane due to hydrophobic fatty acid side chains and activates key protein kinase C (PKC) family

Answer 46

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Question 47

__________ can be hydrolyzed by other phopholipases to produce other lipid second messengers

Answer 47

phosphatidylcholine

Question 48

The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine produces what lipid second messengers?

Answer 48

- different species of DAG (gen by PLC) - Phosphatidic acid (PLD) - Arachidonic acid (PLA2)

Question 49

What is the key inflammatory and pain mediator?

Answer 49

Arachidonic acid

Question 50

Arachidonic acid is a precursors of ______ that act like hormones and signal via G-protein coupled receptors and incluedes

Answer 50

eicosanoids

Question 51

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are all exmples of _______

Answer 51

eicosanoids

Question 52

Modulate smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, gastric acid secretion, and salt and water balance

Answer 52

eicosanoids - prostaglandins - prostacylins - thromboxanes - leukotrienes

Question 53

Arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandins involves ____

Answer 53

cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 (constitutive) , COX-2(response to inflammatory mediators)

Question 54

What stimulates inflammation, regulates blood flow to organs such as the kidney, controls ion transport across membranes, modulates synaptic transmission and induces sleep?

Answer 54

prostaglandins

Question 55

What are the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase?

Answer 55

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 56

What are two examples of NSAIDs?

Answer 56

aspirin | ibuprofen

Question 57

Aspirin _______ inactivates both forms of COX

Answer 57

irreversibly

Question 58

Selective inhibitors of COX-2 (celecoxib) are effective treatments for _____ (rheumatoid arthritis)

Answer 58

inflammatory conditions

Question 59

What converts arachidonic acid into leukotrienes

Answer 59

lipoxygenases

Question 60

What type of signaling involves low molecular weight signaling molecules (NO) that cross plasma membrane and directly modulate the activity of the catalytic domains of transmembrane receptors or cytoplasmic signal transducing enzymes?

Answer 60

Receptor-independent signaling

Question 61

NO (nitric oxide) stimulates ______ (generates cGMP (relaxes blood vessels)))

Answer 61

guanylate cyclase

Question 62

Angina symptoms treated with _____, which is converted to _____

Answer 62

glyceryl trinitrate | NO

Question 63

What is the ATP dependent process of packing extracellular materials in vesicles at the cell surface?

Answer 63

endocytosis

Question 64

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Answer 64

1) pinocytosis 2) phagocytosis 3) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 65

"drinking" | nonspecific absorption of extracelluar fluids

Answer 65

pinocytosis

Question 66

During pinocytosis the membrane caves in, then pinches off into the _____ as a pinocytotic vesicle

Answer 66

cytoplasm

Question 67

Activated by the attachment to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Answer 67

phagocytosis

Question 68

cellular eating

Answer 68

phagocytosis

Question 69

This type of endocytosis is selective and forms clathrin coated vesicles at surface of the membrane. Thse vesicles form a polyhedral lattice

Answer 69

receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 70

An example of this type of endocytosis is iron transport via transferring receptor

Answer 70

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 71

The movement of receptors to a different membrane from the one in which it was endocytosed

Answer 71

transcytosis